caa a22 4500 463194934 CHVBK 20180406164920.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20071201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10669-007-9055-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10669-007-9055-2 Immune stimulation in fish and chicken through weak low frequency electromagnetic fields [Elektronische Daten] [J. Cuppen, G. Wiegertjes, H. Lobee, H. Savelkoul, M. Elmusharaf, A. Beynen, H. Grooten, W. Smink] A hypothesis is proposed how Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field (LF EMF) exposure can stimulate an immune response, based on recent insights in immunology. We hypothesize that the Immunent EMF treatment induces mild stress to cells, which then produce cytokines that function as alarms or so called danger signals for the immune system. In this way EMF treatment takes the place of multiplying pathogens, and the damage these cause, in the triggering of an immune response. In a first series of experiments in␣vitro common carp head kidney-derived phagocytes were used to determine ROS production as a measure for immune activation. Exposure to LF EMF signals (200-5,000Hz) at 5μT or 1.5mT led to 42 or 33% increase in immune activity, respectively, compared to negative control values. EMF could also additionally stimulate chemically pre-stimulated samples up to 18% (5μT) or 22% (1.5mT). Significance of increase in ROS production in the total series was: p<0.0001. In a second series of experiments in␣vitro commercial goldfish were used. Groups of fish were housed under equal conditions in at least four control tanks and 8-16 EMF-exposed tanks. Exposure was done with a predominantly vertical field at field strengths (rms) between 0.15 and 50μT. Without treatment mortality was about 50% after 18days, while the treatment at 5μT reduced it to 20% on average. At field strengths 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15 and 50μT an equally strong effect was found. Reducing the field strength to 0.05, 0.06, 0.01 and 0.003μT showed a gradually decreasing effect, which only at 0.003μT is no longer statistically significant. Finally, in␣vitro experiments were done with 560 commercial broiler chickens exposed to infection pressure from coccidiosis. EMF exposure at 6.5μT reduced intestinal lesions by 40% and improved feed conversion by 8%. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2007 Immune stimulation nationallicence EMF nationallicence ELF nationallicence Electromagnetic fields nationallicence Feed conversion nationallicence Cuppen J. Immunent BV, Veldhoven, The Netherlands aut Wiegertjes G. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands aut Lobee H. Immunent BV, Veldhoven, The Netherlands aut Savelkoul H. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands aut Elmusharaf M. Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut Beynen A. Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut Grooten H. FIS BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut Smink W. FIS BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut The Environmentalist Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 27/4(2007-12-01), 577-583 0251-1088 27:4<577 2007 27 10669 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9055-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9055-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cuppen J. Immunent BV, Veldhoven, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wiegertjes G. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lobee H. Immunent BV, Veldhoven, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Savelkoul H. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Elmusharaf M. Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Beynen A. Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Grooten H. FIS BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Smink W. FIS BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- The Environmentalist Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 27/4(2007-12-01), 577-583 0251-1088 27:4<577 2007 27 10669 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer