caa a22 4500 463194969 CHVBK 20180406164920.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20071201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10669-007-9118-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10669-007-9118-4 Non-thermal effects of EMF upon the mammalian brain: the Lund experience [Elektronische Daten] [Leif Salford, Henrietta Nittby, Arne Brun, Gustav Grafström, Jacob Eberhardt, Lars Malmgren, Bertil Persson] The environment in which biology exists has dramatically changed during the last decades. Life was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation and the terrestrial magnetism. The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Today one third of the world's population is owner of the microwave-producing mobile phones. The question is: to what extent are living organisms affected by these ubiquitous radio frequency fields? Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been revealed to cause significantly increased leakage of albumin through the BBB of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed animals—in a total series of about two thousand animals. One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels, causes the users' own albumin to leak out through the BBB, also other unwanted and toxic molecules in the blood, may leak into the brain tissue and concentrate in and damage the neurons and glial cells of the brain. In later studies we have shown that a 2-h exposure to GSM 915 MHz at non-thermal levels, gives rise to significant neuronal damage, seen 28 and 50days after the exposure. In our continued research, the non-thermal effects (histology, memory functions) of long-term exposure for 13months are studied as well as the effects of short term GSM 1,800MHz upon gene expression. Most of our findings support that living organisms are affected by the non-thermal radio frequency fields. Studies from other laboratories in some cases find effects, while in other cases effects are not seen. Our conclusion is that all researchers involved in this field have the obligation to intensify this research in order to reduce, or avoid, the possible negative effects of the man made microwaves! Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2007 Albumin nationallicence Blood-brain barrier nationallicence Mobile phones nationallicence Neurons nationallicence Radio frequency Electromagnetic fields nationallicence Rats nationallicence Salford Leif Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut Nittby Henrietta Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut Brun Arne Department of Neuropathology, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut Grafström Gustav Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut Eberhardt Jacob Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut Malmgren Lars Department of Applied Electronics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut Persson Bertil Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut The Environmentalist Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 27/4(2007-12-01), 493-500 0251-1088 27:4<493 2007 27 10669 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9118-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9118-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Salford Leif Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nittby Henrietta Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Brun Arne Department of Neuropathology, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Grafström Gustav Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Eberhardt Jacob Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Malmgren Lars Department of Applied Electronics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Persson Bertil Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- The Environmentalist Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 27/4(2007-12-01), 493-500 0251-1088 27:4<493 2007 27 10669 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer