caa a22 4500 463209923 CHVBK 20180405153137.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20070501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11251-006-9005-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11251-006-9005-2 Reframing research on learning with technology: in search of the meaning of cognitive tools [Elektronische Daten] [Beaumie Kim, Thomas Reeves] Previous research and development with cognitive tools has been limited by an inadequate conceptualization of the complexity underlying their nature and affordances for supporting learning and performance. This paper provides a new perspective on cognitive tools through the lens of the theories of distributed cognition and expertise. The learner, tool, and activity form a joint learning system, and the expertise in the world should be reflected not only in the tool but also in the learning activity within which learners make use of the tool. This enhanced perspective is used to clarify the nature of cognitive tools and distinguish them from other types of computer tools used in learning contexts. We have classified cognitive tools considering how expertise is classified: domain-independent (general) cognitive tools, domain-generic cognitive tools, and domain-specific cognitive tools. The implications are presented in reference to research, development, and practice of cognitive tools. The capabilities of cognitive tools should be differentiated from those of the human, but regarded as part of the system of expertise. Cognitive tools should be accompanied by appropriate learning activities, and relevant learner performance should then be assessed in the context of tool use. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2007 cognitive tools nationallicence distributed cognition nationallicence expertise nationallicence human-computer interaction nationallicence learning activity nationallicence learning technology nationallicence theoretical framework nationallicence Kim Beaumie Center for Educational Technologies, NASA - Sponsored Classroom of the Future Wheeling Jesuit University, 316 Washington Ave, 26003, Wheeling, WV, USA aut Reeves Thomas Department of Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA aut Instructional Science Kluwer Academic Publishers 35/3(2007-05-01), 207-256 0020-4277 35:3<207 2007 35 11251 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-006-9005-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-006-9005-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kim Beaumie Center for Educational Technologies, NASA - Sponsored Classroom of the Future Wheeling Jesuit University, 316 Washington Ave, 26003, Wheeling, WV, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Reeves Thomas Department of Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Instructional Science Kluwer Academic Publishers 35/3(2007-05-01), 207-256 0020-4277 35:3<207 2007 35 11251 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer