caa a22 4500 463218051 CHVBK 20180405153203.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20070701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11056-006-9031-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11056-006-9031-6 Tolerance of broadleaved tree and shrub seedlings to preemergence herbicides [Elektronische Daten] [I. Willoughby, F. Dixon, D. Clay, R. Jinks] Control of competing vegetation is essential for the successful establishment of tree seedlings in nurseries and direct-sown woodland; this usually requires potentially expensive hand weeding or post-sowing preemergence herbicides. In order to identify suitable herbicides, two container experiments tested the response of 12 broadleaved tree and shrub species to napropamide and pendimethalin applied preemergence. Most species tolerated rates adequate for controlling many annual weed species although Rhamnus cathartica L. (buckthorn) and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (alder) were damaged by all rates of napropamide. A study of application date of napropamide and pendimethalin applied post-sowing to Fraxinus excelsior L. (ash) in containers showed that pendimethalin was damaging if applied when seeds were germinating or seedlings emerging, but napropamide was tolerated at all growth stages. A field experiment tested the tolerance of ten species sown in seedbeds to napropamide alone and in mixture with pendimethalin. Results generally confirmed the indications of tolerance from the container experiments. Applications of 2kga.i.ha−1 napropamide plus 2kga.i.ha−1 pendimethalin appeared to be safe on Corylus avellana L. (hazel), Fagus sylvatica L. (beech), and F. excelsior, provided tree seeds were sown to the correct depth and at least 2weeks elapsed between herbicide treatment and tree seed germination. The mixture of 2kga.i.ha−1 pendimethalin plus 1.0kga.i.ha−1 of napropamide was tolerated by Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore) and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn). Applications of 1.0kga.iha−1 napropamide alone were moderately tolerated by Carpinus betulus L. (hornbeam) and Cornus sanguinea L. (dogwood). Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006 Direct seeding nationallicence Nurseries nationallicence Weeding nationallicence Vegetation management nationallicence Napropamide nationallicence Pendimethalin nationallicence Willoughby I. Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK aut Dixon F. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, 2 Four Acres Close, P.O. Box 1033, BS48 4YF, Nailsea, Bristol, UK aut Clay D. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, 2 Four Acres Close, P.O. Box 1033, BS48 4YF, Nailsea, Bristol, UK aut Jinks R. Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK aut New Forests Kluwer Academic Publishers 34/1(2007-07-01), 1-12 0169-4286 34:1<1 2007 34 11056 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-006-9031-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-006-9031-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Willoughby I. Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dixon F. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, 2 Four Acres Close, P.O. Box 1033, BS48 4YF, Nailsea, Bristol, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Clay D. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, 2 Four Acres Close, P.O. Box 1033, BS48 4YF, Nailsea, Bristol, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Jinks R. Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- New Forests Kluwer Academic Publishers 34/1(2007-07-01), 1-12 0169-4286 34:1<1 2007 34 11056 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer