caa a22 4500 465738036 CHVBK 20180323111800.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19900701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF02244046 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF02244046 Animal models of drug withdrawal symptoms [Elektronische Daten] [M. Emmett-Oglesby, D. Mathis, R. Moon, H. Lal] There have been few attempts to model subjective symptoms of drug withdrawal using animals as subjects. Two approaches for developing such models are reviewed. First, using drug discrimination methodology, it may be possible to train animals to detect the effects of withdrawal. This method has two difficulties: 1) the only discriminations trained to date involve precipitated withdrawal, and 2) the stimulus controlling behavior is difficult to specify. Second, withdrawal from many drugs of abuse produces the symptom of anxiety, and it seems likely that animal models of anxiety could be useful for studying drug withdrawal. This hypothesis has been explored most fully using subjects trained to detect the discriminative stimulus properties of the putative anxiogenic drug pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Withdrawal from benzodiazepines or ethanol substitutes fully for PTZ, and withdrawal from cocaine, morphine, and nicotine substitutes partially for PTZ. Emerging data suggest that other animal models of anxiety may also be useful for detecting drug withdrawal. The final portion of this review examines a behavioral test that is very sensitive for detecting physical signs of withdrawal in animals. In subjects maintained on an operant baseline using food as a reinforcer, withdrawal from a drug of dependence frequently is associated with disruption of that operant behavior. For example, tetrahydrocannabinol and cocaine, drugs that are not traditionally seen as having significant withdrawal signs, produce disruption of operant responding when high-dose administration is terminated, and their readministration reverses this behavioral disruption. Based on the observation that withdrawal is associated with anxiogenic stimuli, we suggest a method to determine if disruption of operant behavior may be related to these stimuli. Springer-Verlag, 1990 Drugs of abuse nationallicence Drug withdrawal nationallicence Drug discrimination nationallicence Discriminative stimulus nationallicence Withdrawal signs nationallicence Withdrawal symptoms nationallicence Benzodiazepines nationallicence Diazepam nationallicence Ethanol nationallicence Cocaine nationallicence Anxiety nationallicence Drug dependence nationallicence Emmett-Oglesby M. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut Mathis D. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut Moon R. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut Lal H. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut Psychopharmacology Springer-Verlag 101/3(1990-07-01), 292-309 0033-3158 101:3<292 1990 101 213 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244046 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244046 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Emmett-Oglesby M. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mathis D. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Moon R. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lal H. Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, 76107-2690, Fort Worth, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Psychopharmacology Springer-Verlag 101/3(1990-07-01), 292-309 0033-3158 101:3<292 1990 101 213 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer