caa a22 4500 465739873 CHVBK 20180323111806.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19900701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF02364157 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF02364157 Imbalanced biphasic electrical stimulation: Muscle tissue damage [Elektronische Daten] [Avram Scheiner, J. Mortimer, Uros Roessmann] The effects of imbalanced biphasic stimulation were studied on cat skeletal muscle to determine if greater charge densities can be safely used than with balanced or monophasic stimulation. The results of the study indicate that imbalanced biphasic stimulation can be tolerated safely by tissue at or below a net dc current density of 35 μA/mm2 and not safely tolerated at or above a net dc current of 50 μA/mm2. Monophasic stimulation has been shown to be safe at or below net dc current levels of 10 μA/mm2 and in these studies we found it was not safe at or above net dc current levels of 20 μA/mm2. Stimuli were applied to muscles via coiled wire intramuscular electrodes using a regulated current source. Since the safe average current density was higher for imbalanced biphasic stimulation than for monophasic stimulation, this suggests that: (a) pH change is not the primary reaction causing tissue damage and (b) the damaging electrochemical process that takes place during a cathodic stimulation pulse can be reversed by an anodic pulse having substantially less charge than its companion cathodic pulse. We conclude that greater cathodic charge densities can be safely employed with imbalanced biphasic stimulation than with either monophasic stimulation or balanced charge biphasic stimulation. Pergamon Press plc, 1990 Electrical stimulation nationallicence Tissue damage nationallicence Electrode nationallicence Scheiner Avram Applied Neural Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH aut Mortimer J. Applied Neural Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH aut Roessmann Uros Department of Neuropathology Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH aut Annals of Biomedical Engineering Kluwer Academic Publishers 18/4(1990-07-01), 407-425 0090-6964 18:4<407 1990 18 10439 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02364157 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02364157 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Scheiner Avram Applied Neural Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mortimer J. Applied Neural Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Roessmann Uros Department of Neuropathology Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Annals of Biomedical Engineering Kluwer Academic Publishers 18/4(1990-07-01), 407-425 0090-6964 18:4<407 1990 18 10439 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer