caa a22 4500 465761496 CHVBK 20180323111900.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19901201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF02377659 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF02377659 van Hans Gelder aut Elain: Innovative transfer of a federal-industry network [Elektronische Daten] [Gelder van Hans] ELAIN is an automation project for the processing of export-license applications by the Bureau of Export Administration of the Department of Commerce (DOC). The project is unusual in that it was implemented by administrators without going through normal approval channels. The relationships between the change agent and the agency participants can best be described by Havelock's diffusion-adoption model, which depicts the execution as a one-way relationship from sender to receiver. The more complex models that were examined do not apply because this project was inauguated and furthered by bureaucrats, as opposed to the more usual participation of political appointees. The ELAIN system uses commercial valueadded telecommunications vendors to trasfer the information between the exporters and DOC. Industry used its own funds to develop the necessary special features, with repayment possible only if exporters used their sevices, paying fees for this convenience. No precedent for this type of arrangement was found, hence it is considered to be a social invention as well as an innovation. Technology Transfer Society, 1990 The Journal of Technology Transfer Kluwer Academic Publishers 15/1-2(1990-12-01), 61-66 0892-9912 15:1-2<61 1990 15 10961 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377659 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377659 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- van Hans Gelder aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- The Journal of Technology Transfer Kluwer Academic Publishers 15/1-2(1990-12-01), 61-66 0892-9912 15:1-2<61 1990 15 10961 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer