caa a22 4500 465782507 CHVBK 20180323111959.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19901201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF00164069 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00164069 Foster W. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, C132 3EJ, Cambridge, UK aut Experimental evidence for effective and altruistic colony defence against natural predators by soldiers of the gall-forming aphid Pemphigus spyrothecae (Hemiptera [Elektronische Daten] Pemphigidae) [W. Foster] Summary: The thick-legged first instar soldiers of the gall-forming aphid Pemphigus spyrothecae Pass. are able to protect the aphids in the gall from being eaten by a range of insect predators. In artificial galls, the soldier aphids were able to kill first instar ladybirds Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), early third instar hoverfly larvae Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae (Fab.) (Diptera: Syrphidae), and first-third instar Anthocoris nemoralis (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Almost all the aphids that attacked the predators were themselves killed. The soldiers were also able to kill predators introduced into natural galls. Experiments were devised in which individuals of Anthocoris minki, which is the most important insect predator of the gall generations of Pemphigus at the study site, were free to enter and leave the gall: the soldiers were effective both in preventing the predator's access to the gall and in killing those predators that did manage to get in. In galls with experimentally manipulated numbers of soldiers and non-soldiers, it was clearly shown that it is the soldiers alone that kill the predators (Anthocoris minki and 1st instar Adalia bipunctata) (see Table 3). Even though many soldiers may die during these encounters, the selective advantage of killing the predators is high, since observations show that individual A. minki can pass through more than one instar inside a gall and kill all the aphids therein. The aphids were not observed to attack conspecific aphids from other galls or the cohabiting aphid Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch. The primary role of the soldier caste is therefore the defence of the aphid colony against predators. Springer-Verlag, 1990 Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Springer-Verlag 27/6(1990-12-01), 421-430 0340-5443 27:6<421 1990 27 265 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164069 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164069 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Foster W. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, C132 3EJ, Cambridge, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Springer-Verlag 27/6(1990-12-01), 421-430 0340-5443 27:6<421 1990 27 265 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer