caa a22 4500 465788955 CHVBK 20180323112017.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19900701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF01052012 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF01052012 A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behavior [Elektronische Daten] [L. Vet, W. Lewis, D. Papaj, J. van Lenteren] An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1990 parasitoids nationallicence foraging behavior nationallicence learning nationallicence experience nationallicence variability nationallicence model nationallicence biological control nationallicence Vet L. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands aut Lewis W. Insect Biology and Population Management Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 31793, Tifton, Georgia aut Papaj D. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands aut van Lenteren J. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands aut Journal of Insect Behavior Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers 3/4(1990-07-01), 471-490 0892-7553 3:4<471 1990 3 10905 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01052012 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01052012 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Vet L. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lewis W. Insect Biology and Population Management Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 31793, Tifton, Georgia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Papaj D. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- van Lenteren J. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700, EH Wageningen, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Insect Behavior Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers 3/4(1990-07-01), 471-490 0892-7553 3:4<471 1990 3 10905 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer