caa a22 4500 465794300 CHVBK 20180323112033.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19900201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF00165667 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00165667 19th Century mechanical models of eye movements, Donders' law, Listing's law and Helmholtz' direction circles [Elektronische Daten] [H. Simonsz, I. Den Tonkelaar] Donders, Ruete, von Graefe, von Helmholtz, Listing, Volkmann and many others have provided the broad outline of an answer to the question how the eye rotates during eye movements. Many mechanical models of eye movements, ophthalmotropes, have been constructed and studied in the nineteenth century. These models have primarily served to explain Donders' and Listing's Laws on the nature of eye movements. As both Donders' Law and Listing's Law are easier to understand when seen against the background of the coordinate systems used to describe eye movements, all of the coordinate systems currently in use in the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus are described. In addition, the reader is introduced to a coordinate system based on von Helmholtz' direction circles, circles describing the direction of the horizontal and vertical retinal meridians in all positions of gaze. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990 Listing's law nationallicence Donders' law nationallicence pseudotorsion nationallicence ocular counterrolling nationallicence ophthalmotropes nationallicence Simonsz H. Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands aut Den Tonkelaar I. Keeper, Ophthalmic Collection of the former Royal Netherlands Ophthalmic Hospital, The Netherlands aut Documenta Ophthalmologica Kluwer Academic Publishers 74/1-2(1990-02-01), 95-112 0012-4486 74:1-2<95 1990 74 10633 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00165667 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00165667 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Simonsz H. Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Den Tonkelaar I. Keeper, Ophthalmic Collection of the former Royal Netherlands Ophthalmic Hospital, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Documenta Ophthalmologica Kluwer Academic Publishers 74/1-2(1990-02-01), 95-112 0012-4486 74:1-2<95 1990 74 10633 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence SWISSBIB 108493008 BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer