caa a22 4500 465817378 CHVBK 20180323112126.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170327e19901201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF00382835 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00382835 Ethical dilemmas in performance appraisal revisited [Elektronische Daten] [Clinton Longenecker, Dean Ludwig] In managers' dynamic, real-world environments, they often feel it is necessary to exercise some creative discretion over employee ratings. Most managers do not describe their ratings of subordinates in performance appraisals as completely honest or accurate. The inaccuracy is often in the form of inflated ratings. They justify the inaccuracy by sighting, among other things, the need to avoid confrontation with subordinates, damaging working relationships, and creating permanent written documents which may later harm a subordinate's career. Many of these motives are not only well intentioned, but are designed to enhance individual, unit, and organizational performance (some of the ultimate objectives of performance appraisal systems.) This paper examines the ethics of this sort of deliberate manipulation of performance appraisal systems. It suggests that at the organizational level, performance appraisal is usually seen as an end in itself, and a formalist ethical critique is applied. At the managerial level, performance appraisal is usually seen as a means to an end, and a utilitarian critique is applied. Since both perspectives are essential, we conclude that a Janus-Headed analysis is needed. We suggest some duties and obligations for both the organization and the manager engaged in performance appraisal. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990 Longenecker Clinton Department of Management, University of Toledo, 43606, Toledo, Ohio, USA aut Ludwig Dean Department of Management, University of Toledo, 43606, Toledo, Ohio, USA aut Journal of Business Ethics Kluwer Academic Publishers 9/12(1990-12-01), 961-969 0167-4544 9:12<961 1990 9 10551 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382835 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382835 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Longenecker Clinton Department of Management, University of Toledo, 43606, Toledo, Ohio, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ludwig Dean Department of Management, University of Toledo, 43606, Toledo, Ohio, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Business Ethics Kluwer Academic Publishers 9/12(1990-12-01), 961-969 0167-4544 9:12<961 1990 9 10551 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer