caa a22 4500 467885400 CHVBK 20180406152732.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20061101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7 Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods [Elektronische Daten] [F. Chapin III, G. Woodwell, J. Randerson, E. Rastetter, G. Lovett, D. Baldocchi, D. Clark, M. Harmon, D. Schimel, R. Valentini, C. Wirth, J. Aber, J. Cole, M. Goulden, J. Harden, M. Heimann, R. Howarth, P. Matson, A. McGuire, J. Melillo, H. Mooney, J. Neff, R. Houghton, M. Pace, M. Ryan, S. Running, O. Sala, W. Schlesinger, E.-D. Schulze] Recent projections of climatic change have focused a great deal of scientific and public attention on patterns of carbon (C) cycling as well as its controls, particularly the factors that determine whether an ecosystem is a net source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Net ecosystem production (NEP), a central concept in C-cycling research, has been used by scientists to represent two different concepts. We propose that NEP be restricted to just one of its two original definitions—the imbalance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). We further propose that a new term—net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB)—be applied to the net rate of C accumulation in (or loss from [negative sign]) ecosystems. Net ecosystem carbon balance differs from NEP when C fluxes other than C fixation and respiration occur, or when inorganic C enters or leaves in dissolved form. These fluxes include the leaching loss or lateral transfer of C from the ecosystem; the emission of volatile organic C, methane, and carbon monoxide; and the release of soot and CO2 from fire. Carbon fluxes in addition to NEP are particularly important determinants of NECB over long time scales. However, even over short time scales, they are important in ecosystems such as streams, estuaries, wetlands, and cities. Recent technological advances have led to a diversity of approaches to the measurement of C fluxes at different temporal and spatial scales. These approaches frequently capture different components of NEP or NECB and can therefore be compared across scales only by carefully specifying the fluxes included in the measurements. By explicitly identifying the fluxes that comprise NECB and other components of the C cycle, such as net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and net biome production (NBP), we can provide a less ambiguous framework for understanding and communicating recent changes in the global C cycle. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006 net ecosystem production nationallicence net ecosystem carbon balance nationallicence gross primary production nationallicence ecosystem respiration nationallicence autotrophic respiration nationallicence heterotrophic respiration nationallicence net ecosystem exchange nationallicence net biome production nationallicence net primary production nationallicence Chapin III F. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 99775, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA aut Woodwell G. The Woods Hole Research Center, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut Randerson J. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, 92697, Irvine, California, USA aut Rastetter E. The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut Lovett G. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 12545, Millbrook, New York, USA aut Baldocchi D. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, California, USA aut Clark D. Department of Biology, University of Missouri, 63121-4499, St. Louis, Missouri, USA aut Harmon M. Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, 97331-5752, Corvallis, Oregon, USA aut Schimel D. National Center for Atmospheric Research, 80305, Boulder, Colorado, USA aut Valentini R. Department of Forest Science and Environment, University of Tuscia, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy aut Wirth C. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07701, Jena, Germany aut Aber J. Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA aut Cole J. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 12545, Millbrook, New York, USA aut Goulden M. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, 92697, Irvine, California, USA aut Harden J. US Geological Survey, 94025, Menlo Park, California, USA aut Heimann M. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07701, Jena, Germany aut Howarth R. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, New York, USA aut Matson P. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 94305-2115, Stanford, California, USA aut McGuire A. US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 99775, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA aut Melillo J. The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut Mooney H. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 94305-2115, Stanford, California, USA aut Neff J. Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, 80309, Boulder, Colorado, USA aut Houghton R. The Woods Hole Research Center, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut Pace M. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 12545, Millbrook, New York, USA aut Ryan M. Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, 80309, Boulder, Colorado, USA aut Running S. Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 80526-2098, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA aut Sala O. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 02912, Providence, Rhode Island, USA aut Schlesinger W. Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth, Duke University, 27708-0329, Durham, North Carolina, USA aut Schulze E.-D Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07701, Jena, Germany aut Ecosystems Springer-Verlag; www.springer-ny.com 9/7(2006-11-01), 1041-1050 1432-9840 9:7<1041 2006 9 10021 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chapin III F. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 99775, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Woodwell G. The Woods Hole Research Center, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Randerson J. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, 92697, Irvine, California, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rastetter E. The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lovett G. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 12545, Millbrook, New York, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Baldocchi D. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, California, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Clark D. Department of Biology, University of Missouri, 63121-4499, St. Louis, Missouri, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Harmon M. Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, 97331-5752, Corvallis, Oregon, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Schimel D. National Center for Atmospheric Research, 80305, Boulder, Colorado, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Valentini R. Department of Forest Science and Environment, University of Tuscia, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wirth C. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07701, Jena, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Aber J. Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cole J. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 12545, Millbrook, New York, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Goulden M. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, 92697, Irvine, California, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Harden J. US Geological Survey, 94025, Menlo Park, California, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Heimann M. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07701, Jena, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Howarth R. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, New York, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Matson P. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 94305-2115, Stanford, California, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- McGuire A. US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 99775, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Melillo J. The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mooney H. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 94305-2115, Stanford, California, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Neff J. Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, 80309, Boulder, Colorado, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Houghton R. The Woods Hole Research Center, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pace M. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 12545, Millbrook, New York, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ryan M. Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, 80309, Boulder, Colorado, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Running S. Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 80526-2098, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sala O. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 02912, Providence, Rhode Island, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Schlesinger W. Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth, Duke University, 27708-0329, Durham, North Carolina, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Schulze E.-D Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07701, Jena, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Ecosystems Springer-Verlag; www.springer-ny.com 9/7(2006-11-01), 1041-1050 1432-9840 9:7<1041 2006 9 10021 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer