caa a22 4500 467886156 CHVBK 20180406152735.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20060301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10021-005-0095-5 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10021-005-0095-5 Identifying the Scale Thresholds for Field-Data Extrapolation via Spatial Analysis of Landscape Gradients [Elektronische Daten] [Chi-Ru Chang, Pei-Fen Lee, Mei-Ling Bai, Tzer-Ton Lin] Despite recent advances in resolving the scale issue, it remains problematic that so many ecological field studies are still conducted only at small scales because of the constraints imposed by limited resources. To maximize the use of these data, it would be helpful if the researchers could provide guidelines for the appropriate range and scale for the extrapolation of the data and identify the new information that would be needed to extend the scope of their extrapolation. In this paper, we present a method that can be used to detect scale thresholds for the extrapolation of field data through spatial analyses of the physical landscape, using the Fushan Forest, Taiwan, as an example. First, the relationship between the vegetation and the physical landscape was inferred from sample-plot data; this information was in turn used to extrapolate the data over the whole forest area. We then compared the environmental variables in the sample plots versus those in the whole forest area via principal component analysis, landscape classification, and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Analyses of the entire Fushan Forest area showed that there are at least three major spatial scales at which physical gradients are expressed: elevation at the scale of the full forest extent (more than 3,000 m), topographic position at 550 m, and aspect at 250 m. Analyses of the sample plots showed that the plots captured only two of these gradients—topographic position and aspect, but not elevation. Therefore, information from the current field data can only be extrapolated to within 550 m from the sample plots; further information derived from cross-elevation samples is needed to extrapolate beyond that range. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006 landscape analysis nationallicence spatial autocorrelation nationallicence gradient analysis nationallicence subtropical rain forest nationallicence principal components analysis nationallicence landscape classification nationallicence Chang Chi-Ru Department of Landscape Architecture, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-kang Road, Yangmingshan, Shilin 111, Taipei, Taiwan aut Lee Pei-Fen Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, 106, Taipei, Taiwan aut Bai Mei-Ling Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, 106, Taipei, Taiwan aut Lin Tzer-Ton Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 132, Ilan, Taiwan aut Ecosystems Springer-Verlag; www.springer-ny.com 9/2(2006-03-01), 200-214 1432-9840 9:2<200 2006 9 10021 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0095-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0095-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chang Chi-Ru Department of Landscape Architecture, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-kang Road, Yangmingshan, Shilin 111, Taipei, Taiwan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lee Pei-Fen Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, 106, Taipei, Taiwan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bai Mei-Ling Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, 106, Taipei, Taiwan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lin Tzer-Ton Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 132, Ilan, Taiwan aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Ecosystems Springer-Verlag; www.springer-ny.com 9/2(2006-03-01), 200-214 1432-9840 9:2<200 2006 9 10021 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer