caa a22 4500 467894159 CHVBK 20180406152757.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20060701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11103-006-0034-7 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11103-006-0034-7 Distinct developmental defense activations in barley embryos identified by transcriptome profiling [Elektronische Daten] [Mads Nielsen, Finn Lok, Henrik Nielsen] Proper embryo development is crucial for normal growth and development of barley. Numerous related aspects of this process—for example how the embryo establishes and sustains disease resistance for extended periods during dormancy—remain largely unknown. Here we report the results of microarray analyses of >22,000 genes, which together with measurements of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid during embryo development provide new information on the initiation in the developing barley embryo of at least two distinct types of developmental defense activation (DDA). Early DDA is characterized by the up-regulation of a specific set of genes around 20days after flowering, including co-regulation of those for encoding 9-lipoxygenase and several oxylipin-generating enzymes, possibly leading to the formation of α-ketols. The same developmental phase includes an up-regulation of several defense genes, and indications of co-regulation of those for enzymes involved in the generation of phenylpropanoid phytoalexins. Late DDA is initiated prior to grain desiccation, around 37days after flowering, with up-regulation of several genes encoding proteins with roles in antioxidant responses as well as a simultaneous up-regulation of several PR genes is notable. Throughout barley embryo development, there are no indications of an increased biosynthesis of either jasmonic acid or salicylic acid. Collectively, the results help explain how the proposed DDA enables protection of the developing barley embryo and grain for purposes of disease resistance. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2006 Defense activation nationallicence Disease resistance nationallicence Embryo development nationallicence Lipoxygenase pathway nationallicence Microarray nationallicence Oxylipins nationallicence AOS : allene oxide synthase nationallicence DAF : days after flowering nationallicence DDA : developmental defense activation nationallicence GC-MS : gas chromatography-mass spectrometry nationallicence GST : glutathione S-transferase nationallicence HPL : hydroperoxide lyases nationallicence HPODE : hydroperoxy octadecadieonic acid nationallicence HPOTE : hydroperoxy octadecadieonic acid nationallicence ISR : induceded systemic resistance nationallicence JA : jasmonic acid nationallicence LOX : lipoxygenase nationallicence MIPS : Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences nationallicence OPDA : oxophytodienoic acid nationallicence PR : pathogenesis-related nationallicence QRT-PCR : quantitative reverse transcription nationallicence ROS : reactive oxygen species nationallicence SA : salicylic acid nationallicence SAR : systemic acquired resistance nationallicence Nielsen Mads Carlsberg Research Laboratory, DK-2500, Copenhagen, Denmark aut Lok Finn Carlsberg Research Laboratory, DK-2500, Copenhagen, Denmark aut Nielsen Henrik Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum-DTU, The Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark aut Plant Molecular Biology Kluwer Academic Publishers 61/4-5(2006-07-01), 589-601 0167-4412 61:4-5<589 2006 61 11103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-0034-7 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-0034-7 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nielsen Mads Carlsberg Research Laboratory, DK-2500, Copenhagen, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lok Finn Carlsberg Research Laboratory, DK-2500, Copenhagen, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nielsen Henrik Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum-DTU, The Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Plant Molecular Biology Kluwer Academic Publishers 61/4-5(2006-07-01), 589-601 0167-4412 61:4-5<589 2006 61 11103 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer