caa a22 4500 46789759X CHVBK 20180406152808.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20060601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10608-006-9048-3 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10608-006-9048-3 Expanded Hopelessness Theory of Depression: On the Mechanisms by which Social Support Protects Against Depression [Elektronische Daten] [Catherine Panzarella, Lauren Alloy, Wayne Whitehouse] The inverse relationship between social support and depression has been robust to a wide variety of conceptual replications with college, community, and clinical samples. However, there is inadequate understanding of the mechanisms by which social support protects against depression. In this paper, we define a subtype of social support, adaptive inferential feedback, which is more precise than the general concept of social support. We elaborate two possible mechanisms for the beneficial effect of adaptive inferential feedback on depression by incorporating this type of social support into a specific etiological model of depression, the Hopelessness Theory of depression. Empirical tests are conducted for the two hypothesized mechanisms by which adaptive inferential feedback protects against depression as well as the full expanded Hopelessness Theory proposed herein. Our results supported both the specific mechanisms proposed as well as the full expanded hopelessness theory. We found that adaptive inferential feedback predicts more positive inferences for stressful events and a more positive inferential style prospectively. It also interacts with cognitive risk and stress to predict future hopelessness and depressive symptoms as well as concurrent diagnoses of hopelessness depression over and above the contributions of stress, cognitive risk, and general social support which are known predictors of depressive symptoms and disorders. Thus, this newly defined subtype of social support may be an important contributor in the etiology of hopelessness depression. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006 Social support nationallicence Adaptive inferential feedback nationallicence Depression nationallicence Hopelessness theory nationallicence Inferential style nationallicence Panzarella Catherine Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania, 1211 Chestnut Street, 11th Floor, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA aut Alloy Lauren Temple University, Philadelphia, USA aut Whitehouse Wayne Temple University, Philadelphia, USA aut Cognitive Therapy and Research Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers; http://www.springer-ny.com 30/3(2006-06-01), 307-333 0147-5916 30:3<307 2006 30 10608 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9048-3 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9048-3 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Panzarella Catherine Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania, 1211 Chestnut Street, 11th Floor, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Alloy Lauren Temple University, Philadelphia, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Whitehouse Wayne Temple University, Philadelphia, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Cognitive Therapy and Research Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers; http://www.springer-ny.com 30/3(2006-06-01), 307-333 0147-5916 30:3<307 2006 30 10608 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer