caa a22 4500 467898286 CHVBK 20180406152810.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20060901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10708-006-9036-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10708-006-9036-x Explaining foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. with spatial models: a liberal spatial perspective [Elektronische Daten] [Imam Xierali, Lin Liu] This paper examines the effect of economic interdependence, intergovernmental organizations, political freedom, and spatial relationship on foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. from 1980 to 2000. Spatial perspective is largely missing in the mainstream international theories. Spatial relationship has three measures: spatial proximity measured as distance, spatial dependency measured as neighborhood effect, and spatial heterogeneity measured as regional effect. We found that the effect of economic interdependence is directional. The U.S. sensitivity to foreign trade rather than foreign sensitivity to trade with the U.S. explains much of the variation in the foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. Spatial effect is mainly manifested as spatial dependency; the effects of geographic proximity and geographic regions on foreign diplomatic presence are, however, mild. Spatial dependency in the variation of foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. could not be well explained by the liberal perspective without using the spatial model. Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 2006 Economic interdependence nationallicence Diplomatic relationship nationallicence Spatial effect nationallicence Spatial interaction nationallicence International relations nationallicence The United States nationallicence Xierali Imam Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 21-0131, 45221-0131, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA aut Liu Lin Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 21-0131, 45221-0131, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA aut GeoJournal Springer Netherlands 67/1(2006-09-01), 85-101 0343-2521 67:1<85 2006 67 10708 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-006-9036-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-006-9036-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Xierali Imam Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 21-0131, 45221-0131, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Liu Lin Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 21-0131, 45221-0131, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- GeoJournal Springer Netherlands 67/1(2006-09-01), 85-101 0343-2521 67:1<85 2006 67 10708 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer