caa a22 4500 467900787 CHVBK 20180406152817.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20061001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00299-006-0174-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00299-006-0174-x Copper-induced changes in the growth, oxidative metabolism, and saponin production in suspension culture roots of Panax ginseng in bioreactors [Elektronische Daten] [Mohammad Ali, Eun-Joo Hahn, Kee-Yoeup Paek] Roots of Panax ginseng exposed to various concentrations of Cu (0.0, 5, 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0μM) accumulated high amounts of Cu in a concentration-dependent and duration-dependent manner. Roots treated with 50μM Cu resulted in 52% and 89% growth inhibition after 20 and 40 days, respectively. Saponin synthesis was stimulated at a Cu concentration between 5 and 25μM but decreased at 50μM Cu. Malondialdehyde content (MDA), lipoxygenase activity (LOX), superoxide ion (O2 •−) accumulation, and H2O2 content at 5 and 10μM Cu-treated roots were not increased but strongly increased at 50μM Cu resulting in the oxidation of ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), respectively indicating a clear oxidative stress. Seven well-resolved bands of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the gel and an increase in SOD activity seemed to be mainly due to the induction of Fe-SOD 3. Five to 10μM Cu slightly induced activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) but inhibited monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activities. No changes in catalase (CAT) activity and in activity gel were found up to 25μM Cu, but both G-POD and CAT activities were inhibited at 50μM Cu. Glutathione metabolism enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase activities (GPx) were activated at 5 and 10μM Cu but were strongly inhibited at 50μM Cu due to the Cu accumulation in root tissues. The strong depletion of GSH at 50μM Cu was associated to the strong induction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GGT) activity. These results indicate that plant could grow under Cu stress (5-25μM) by modulating the antioxidant defense mechanism for combating Cu induced oxidative stress. Springer-Verlag, 2006 Antioxidant enzymes nationallicence Copper nationallicence γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase nationallicence Glutathione nationallicence Oxidative stress nationallicence Panax ginseng nationallicence Ali Mohammad National Food Research Institute, Cell Function Laboratory, Ibaraki-305-8642, Tsukuba, Japan aut Hahn Eun-Joo Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, 361-763, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea aut Paek Kee-Yoeup Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, 361-763, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea aut Plant Cell Reports Springer-Verlag 25/10(2006-10-01), 1122-1132 0721-7714 25:10<1122 2006 25 299 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0174-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0174-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ali Mohammad National Food Research Institute, Cell Function Laboratory, Ibaraki-305-8642, Tsukuba, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hahn Eun-Joo Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, 361-763, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Paek Kee-Yoeup Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, 361-763, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Plant Cell Reports Springer-Verlag 25/10(2006-10-01), 1122-1132 0721-7714 25:10<1122 2006 25 299 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer