caa a22 4500 467901872 CHVBK 20180406152820.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20061201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10661-005-9120-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10661-005-9120-6 Lichens as Bioindicators of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Singapore [Elektronische Daten] [O.-H. Ng, B. Tan, J. Obbard] Lichens have been used as bioindicators in various atmospheric pollution assessments in several countries. This study presents the first data on levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in lichens at different locations in Singapore, Southeast Asia. Singapore is a fully industrialised island nation, with a prevailing tropical climate and a population of 4 million people within a confined land area of less than 700 km2. The ubiquitous lichen species, Dirinaria picta was collected from six sample sites across Singapore and analysed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). No significant relationship existed between metal levels in lichen and soil, indicating that accumulated metals in lichen are primarily derived from the atmosphere. Peak concentrations of zinc (83.55 μg g−1), copper (45.13 μg g−1) and lead (16.59 μg g−1) in lichens were found at Sembawang, Jurong and the National University of Singapore campus which are locations associated with heavy petroleum and shipping industries, and road traffic respectively. The mean heavy metal levels of lichen samples in Singapore were found to be at the upper range of values reported in the literature for temperate countries. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2005 heavy metals nationallicence lichen nationallicence Dirinaria picta nationallicence Singapore nationallicence ICPMS nationallicence Ng O.-H Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S2 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore aut Tan B. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S2 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore aut Obbard J. Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore, Singapore aut Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers 123/1-3(2006-12-01), 63-74 0167-6369 123:1-3<63 2006 123 10661 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9120-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9120-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ng O.-H Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S2 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tan B. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S2 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Obbard J. Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore, Singapore aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers 123/1-3(2006-12-01), 63-74 0167-6369 123:1-3<63 2006 123 10661 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer