caa a22 4500 467936331 CHVBK 20180406152958.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20061001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11069-006-0030-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11069-006-0030-x Inter-organizational coordination in extreme events: The World Trade Center attacks, September 11, 2001 [Elektronische Daten] [Louise Comfort, Naim Kapucu] This paper addresses the problem of inter-organizational coordination in response to extreme events. Extreme events require coordinated action among multiple actors across many jurisdictions under conditions of urgent stress, heavy demand and tight time constraints. The problem is socio-technical in that the capacity for inter-organizational coordination depends upon the technical structure and performance of the information systems that support decision making among the participating organizations. Interactions among human managers, computers and organizations under suddenly altered conditions of operation are complex and not well understood. Yet, coordinating response operations to extreme events is an extraordinarily complex task for public and nonprofit managers. This paper will analyze the interactions among public, private and nonprofit organizations that evolved in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, examining the relationships among organizations in terms of timely access to information and types of supporting infrastructure. The performance of the inter-organizational system is examined in the context of the events of 11 September 2001 from the theoretical perspective of complex adaptive systems. A model of auto-adaptation is proposed for implementation to improve inter- organizational performance in extreme events. This model is based on the concept of individual, organizational and collective learning in environments exposed to recurring risk, guided by a shared goal. Such a model requires public investment in the development of an information infrastructure that can support the intense demand for communication, information search, exchange and feedback that characterizes an auto-adaptive system. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2006 Auto-adaptation nationallicence Sensemaking nationallicence Extreme events nationallicence Emergency response nationallicence Organizational learning nationallicence Complex adaptive systems nationallicence Comfort Louise Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburg, USA aut Kapucu Naim Department of Public Administration, College of Health and Public Affairs, University of Central Florida, USA aut Natural Hazards Kluwer Academic Publishers 39/2(2006-10-01), 309-327 0921-030X 39:2<309 2006 39 11069 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0030-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0030-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Comfort Louise Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburg, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kapucu Naim Department of Public Administration, College of Health and Public Affairs, University of Central Florida, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Natural Hazards Kluwer Academic Publishers 39/2(2006-10-01), 309-327 0921-030X 39:2<309 2006 39 11069 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer