caa a22 4500 467939772 CHVBK 20180406153008.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20060601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10490-006-7165-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10490-006-7165-x Geographical distance and the role and management of subsidiaries: The case of subsidiaries down-under [Elektronische Daten] [Anne-Wil Harzing, Niels Noorderhaven] Based on a international mail survey covering 169 subsidiaries of MNCs headquartered in the USA, Japan, the UK, Germany, France and the Netherlands, we investigate the impact of geographical distance on the role that subsidiaries play in the MNC network and the way they are managed. To this end, we compare Australian and New Zealand subsidiaries - which provide a significant example of geographically isolation - compared to subsidiaries located in other countries. Referring to the typology constructed by Gupta & Govindarajan (1991), we show that Australian and New Zealand subsidiaries are more likely than subsidiaries in other countries to be Local Innovators rather than Global Innovators. In addition, both intra-company flows and the type of control mechanisms applied by HQ reflect the geographical isolation of Australian and New Zealand subsidiaries. The overall level of capabilities of Australian and New Zealand subsidiaries is equal to that of other subsidiaries, although lower relative capabilities in R{&}D and production seem to be associated with lower levels of local R{&}D and production. We discuss the implications of these findings and provide recommendations for management and competitiveness issues in Australia and New Zealand. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 2006 Subsidiaries nationallicence Knowledge transfer nationallicence Multinationals nationallicence Capabilities nationallicence HQ-subsidiary relationships nationallicence Harzing Anne-Wil Department of Management, University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia aut Noorderhaven Niels Department of Management, University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia aut Asia Pacific Journal of Management Kluwer Academic Publishers 23/2(2006-06-01), 167-185 0217-4561 23:2<167 2006 23 10490 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-7165-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-7165-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Harzing Anne-Wil Department of Management, University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Noorderhaven Niels Department of Management, University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Asia Pacific Journal of Management Kluwer Academic Publishers 23/2(2006-06-01), 167-185 0217-4561 23:2<167 2006 23 10490 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer