caa a22 4500 467941629 CHVBK 20180406153014.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20060501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00421-006-0133-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00421-006-0133-9 Zamparo Paola Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, School of Medicine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy aut Effects of age and gender on the propelling efficiency of the arm stroke [Elektronische Daten] [Paola Zamparo] The propelling efficiency of the arm stroke (η P) was estimated in a group of 63 male and female subjects (9-59years of age) of good technical skill, swimming the front crawl at sub-maximal speeds. η P was calculated on the basis of values of speed (v), stroke frequency (SF) and shoulder-to-hand distance (l, calculated from measures of arm length and elbow angle during the in-sweep) as proposed by Zamparo et al. (Eur J Appl Physiol 94:134-144, 2005). In both genders, the distance covered per stroke (Ds=v/SF) is similar before puberty, reaches its maximum at about 20years of age and then steadily declines. l is significantly larger in males than in females and this difference tended to offset the differences in Ds so that η P is almost the same in male and female swimmers of the same age group and swimming ability: about 0.31 before puberty, 0.38-0.40 at about 20years of age and about 0.25 in swimmers older than 40years of age. The development of η P and Ds during the life span is similar to the changes in muscle strength and power reported in the literature suggesting that these parameters are related to the ability to exert forceful (and hence effective) strokes in water. Since the energy cost of swimming (C) depends essentially on η P and the hydrodynamic resistance (W d), these data further suggest that differences in C between genders are mainly to be attributed to differences in W d, whereas differences across ages can be attributed also to changes in η P. Springer-Verlag, 2006 Swimming nationallicence Propulsion nationallicence Gender difference nationallicence Life span nationallicence European Journal of Applied Physiology Springer-Verlag 97/1(2006-05-01), 52-58 1439-6319 97:1<52 2006 97 421 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0133-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0133-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Zamparo Paola Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, School of Medicine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- European Journal of Applied Physiology Springer-Verlag 97/1(2006-05-01), 52-58 1439-6319 97:1<52 2006 97 421 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer