caa a22 4500 467942919 CHVBK 20180406153018.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e20061001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10806-006-9006-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10806-006-9006-9 Baumgartner Christoph Faculty of Arts and the Humanities/Theology, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut Exclusion by Inclusion? On Difficulties with Regard to an Effective Ethical Assessment of Patenting in the Field of Agricultural Bio-Technology [Elektronische Daten] [Christoph Baumgartner] In order to take ethical considerations of patenting biological material into account, the so-called "ordre public or morality clause” was implemented as Article 6 in the EC directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, 98/44/EC. At first glance, this seems to provide a significant advantage to the European patent system with respect to ethics. The thesis of this paper argues that the ordre public or morality clause does not provide sufficient protection against ethically problematic uses of the patent system within the area of life. On the contrary, there are worrisome obstacles to any effective and comprehensive critical analysis of the ethical aspects of bio-patenting, especially in the field of agriculture. These obstacles can be seen as indirect consequences of the implementation of ethical considerations in form of the ordre public and morality clause in the EC Directive. Therefore, Article 6 of the EC Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions seems to ultimately weaken the position of ethics in the debate concerning bio-patenting because the ordre public and morality clause is usually interpreted in an exclusively bio-ethical way in the sense of an "intrinsic ethics,” which is primarily interested in questions regarding the moral status of particular entities. It is argued that an important cause of this phenomenon is that the decisive reasons against bio-patenting are concerns of social ethics, and not bio-ethics. Springer, 2006 agricultural bio-technology nationallicence EC bio-patenting directive nationallicence ethics nationallicence ordre public and morality clause nationallicence patents nationallicence Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Kluwer Academic Publishers 19/6(2006-10-01), 521-539 1187-7863 19:6<521 2006 19 10806 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-006-9006-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-006-9006-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Baumgartner Christoph Faculty of Arts and the Humanities/Theology, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Kluwer Academic Publishers 19/6(2006-10-01), 521-539 1187-7863 19:6<521 2006 19 10806 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer