caa a22 4500 467943737 CHVBK 20180323165659.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e19891101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF02392950 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF02392950 (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00027022 Developing a statistical support system for environmental hazard evaluation [Elektronische Daten] [John Cairns Jr., Eric Smith] Estimating the hazard or risk to both human health and the environment has been based almost exclusively on single species toxicity tests low in environmental realism and without validation of their accuracy in more complex systems. While this may be quite appropriate for humans in a large variety of circumstances, there is no substantive body of direct experimental evidence indicating that precise predictions of harm from hazardous materials can be extrapolated from single species laboratory tests (or even multispecies laboratory tests) to the more complex highly variable natural systems. Now added to the hazardous chemical assessment problem is the accidental or deliberate release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment that have the additional capability of multiplying and expanding their numbers and also transferring genetic information to other organisms. This paper focuses entirely on hazard evaluation for organisms other than humans, namely predicting the potential risk or probability of harm to natural systems based on laboratory toxicity testing using single species. Not only will the basic risk assessment strategy itself be examined but also the question of determining the statistical reliability of various extrapolations from one level of biological organization to another. ‘For every complex problem, there is a simple, direct solution ... and it is invariably wrong!' H. L. Mencken Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989 validation nationallicence risk assessment nationallicence microcosms nationallicence toxicity tests nationallicence Cairns Jr. John University Center for Environmental and Hazardous Materials Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA aut Smith Eric Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA aut Hydrobiologia Kluwer Academic Publishers 184/3(1989-11-01), 143-151 0018-8158 184:3<143 1989 184 10750 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02392950 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02392950 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cairns Jr John University Center for Environmental and Hazardous Materials Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Smith Eric Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Hydrobiologia Kluwer Academic Publishers 184/3(1989-11-01), 143-151 0018-8158 184:3<143 1989 184 10750 NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027022 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer