caa a22 4500 469121149 CHVBK 20180323133139.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170328e19920101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF02253589 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF02253589 Smokeless tobacco abstinence effects and nicotine gum dose [Elektronische Daten] [Dorothy Hatsukami, Deborah Anton, Robert Keenan, Allan Callies] There were two experiments on abstinence from smokeless tobacco. The purpose of the first experiment was to determine abstinence effects from smokeless tobacco. The purpose of the second experiment was to examine the effects of different doses of nicotine gum on smokeless tobacco abstinence effects. The subjects were male Copenhagen smokeless tobacco users who underwent 3 days of baseline measurement while continuing to use smokeless tobacco ad libitum, and 5 days of the experimental condition. In the first experiment, the subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups and compared: continuous smokeless tobacco users (n=10), and deprivation plus no nicotine gum (n=10). In the second experiment, subjects were assigned randomly and in a double-blind fashion to one of three groups and compared: (1) deprivation plus 0 mg nicotine gum (n=20); (2) deprivation plus 2 mg nicotine gum (n=20); and (3) deprivation plus 4 mg nicotine gum (n=20). The first experiment showed significant increases upon abstinence for the following variables: (1) craving; (2) difficulty concentrating; (3) restlessness; (4) excessive hunger; (5) eating; (6) reaction time; (7) variability of reaction time and (8) total withdrawal scores for both the self-rated and the observer-rated forms. The second experiment showed that nicotine gum failed to significantly reduce smokeless tobacco abstinence effects, although those with high cotinine levels may receive some benefit from nicotine gum. Springer-Verlag, 1992 Smokeless tobacco nationallicence Abstinence effects nationallicence Nicotine gum nationallicence Hatsukami Dorothy Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut Anton Deborah Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut Keenan Robert Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut Callies Allan Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut Psychopharmacology Springer-Verlag 106/1(1992-01-01), 60-66 0033-3158 106:1<60 1992 106 213 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02253589 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02253589 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hatsukami Dorothy Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Anton Deborah Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Keenan Robert Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Callies Allan Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Psychopharmacology Springer-Verlag 106/1(1992-01-01), 60-66 0033-3158 106:1<60 1992 106 213 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer