caa a22 4500 47577132X CHVBK 20180406123618.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170329e20000901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s001250051499 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s001250051499 Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring [Elektronische Daten] [L. C. Stene, J. Ulriksen, P. Magnus, G. Joner] Abstract : Aims/hypothesis. To test whether cod liver oil or vitamin D supplements either taken by the mother during pregnancy or by the child in the first year of life is associated with lower risk of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in children. Methods. We carried out a population-based case control study in Vest-Agder county of Norway, evaluating the use of supplements by a mailed questionnaire. We received responses from 85 diabetic subjects and 1071 control subjects. Odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression analyses. Results. When mothers took cod liver oil during pregnancy their offspring had a lower risk of diabetes. The unadjusted OR was 0.30, 95 % CI: (0.12 to 0.75), p = 0.01. This association changed very little and was still significant after adjusting for age, sex, breastfeeding and maternal education. Mothers taking multivitamin supplements during pregnancy [adjusted OR = 1.11, 95 % CI: (0.69 to 1.77)], infants taking cod liver oil in the first year of life [adjusted OR = 0.82, 95 % CI: (0.47 to 1.42) and the use of other vitamin D supplements in the first year of life [adjusted OR = 1.27, 95 % CI: (0.70 to 2.31)] was significantly associated with the risk of diabetes. Conclusion/interpretation. We found that cod liver oil taken during pregnancy was associated with reduced risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring. This suggests that vitamin D or the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the cod liver oil, or both, have a protective effect aginst Type I diabetes. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1093-1098] Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2000 Keywords Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus nationallicence diet nationallicence vitamin D nationallicence case control study nationallicence aetiology nationallicence Stene L. C. Section of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, NO aut Ulriksen J. Department of Paediatrics, Vest-Agder Central Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway, NO aut Magnus P. Section of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, NO aut Joner G. Aker Diabetes Research Centre, Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, NO aut https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051499 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051499 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Stene L. C. Section of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, NO aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ulriksen J. Department of Paediatrics, Vest-Agder Central Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway, NO aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Magnus P. Section of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, NO aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Joner G. Aker Diabetes Research Centre, Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, NO aut Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer