caa a22 4500 475785258 CHVBK 20180406123656.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170329e20000201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s004310050050 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s004310050050 Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth [Elektronische Daten] [H. C. Holmes, G. J. A. I. Snodgrass, R. A. Iles] Choline is an essential constituent of membrane phospholipids in great demand in the developing brain and liver. We have previously demonstrated that human neonates excrete large amounts of betaine, a product of choline oxidation, in their urine. Estimates of perinatal choline intake using previously published data compared with our measurements of betaine excretion indicated that choline insufficiency might occur at certain periods after birth. In this study we measured the choline content of expressed human breast milk in colostrum (2-6 days after birth), mature milk (7-22 days after birth) and several infant formula foods, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In colostrum choline was present in both the aqueous (free choline, phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid fractions (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). After 6-7 days there was a mean increase of 114% in the total choline content; 82% of the rise was accounted for by increases in phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine, and 14% by (free) choline. The choline content of most formula feeds was comparable with the level in colostrum but below that of mature milk. Both the total choline content and ester composition of mature milk were comparable with more recent measurements using high-performance liquid chromatography. Conclusion The choline content of human breast milk doubles 6-7 days after birth and, unlike that of many formula feeds, appears to be sufficient to account for betaine excretion in healthy full-term neonates. However, for premature babies who usually receive much lower quantities of milk, yet have a higher demand for choline, the intake may be inadequate. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2000 Key words Choline nationallicence Betaine nationallicence Neonate nationallicence Breast milk nationallicence NMR nationallicence Holmes H. C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Research Group, Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 5th Floor, Alexandra Wing, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK e-mail: R.A.Iles@mds.qmw.ac.uk Tel.: +44-171-3777293; Fax: +44-171-3777636, GB aut I. Snodgrass G. J. A. Paediatric Unit, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK, GB aut Iles R. A. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Research Group, Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 5th Floor, Alexandra Wing, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK e-mail: R.A.Iles@mds.qmw.ac.uk Tel.: +44-171-3777293; Fax: +44-171-3777636, GB aut https://doi.org/10.1007/s004310050050 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004310050050 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Holmes H. C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Research Group, Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 5th Floor, Alexandra Wing, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK e-mail: R.A.Iles@mds.qmw.ac.uk Tel.: +44-171-3777293; Fax: +44-171-3777636, GB aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- I. Snodgrass G. J. A. Paediatric Unit, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK, GB aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Iles R. A. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Research Group, Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 5th Floor, Alexandra Wing, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK e-mail: R.A.Iles@mds.qmw.ac.uk Tel.: +44-171-3777293; Fax: +44-171-3777636, GB aut Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer