caa a22 4500 475806840 CHVBK 20180406123749.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170329e20000301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF00984101 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00984101 Ackerman J. Physical Ecology Laboratory, University of Northern British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Prince George, BC, Canada aut Abiotic pollen and pollination: Ecological, functional, and evolutionary perspectives [Elektronische Daten] [J. Ackerman] The transport and capture of pollen in ~20% of all angiosperm families occurs in air and water. In other words, pollination is abiotic and occurs via the fluid media, not an animal vector. Whereas some early concepts considered abiotic pollination to be largely a stochastic phenomenon, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that wind pollination (i.e. anemophily) and water pollination (i.e. hydrophily) have deterministic features and are sophisticated fluid dynamic solutions to the problem of pollen release, dispersal, and capture. An abiotic pollination syndrome is defined in which there is spatial or temporal separation of carpellate and staminate flowers, which are drab, a reduction in perianth parts, stigmas and anthers are exposed to the fluid, and typically unclumped pollen may be produced in large amounts. Separate pollination syndromes are defined for anemophilous (i.e. wind-pollinated), ephydrophilous (i.e. surface-pollinated), and hydrophilous (i.e. submarine-pollinated) plants. Distinctions are based on habitat and physical conditions for pollination, pollen size, shape, and ultrastructure, morphology and ultrastructure of stigmas, and outcrossing rates. For example, anemophilous pollen are spherical and small, ephydrophilous pollen are spherical or reniform and large, while hydrophilous pollen are filiform (i.e. filamentous) or functionally filiform. The pollination mechanisms and mechanics associated with these syndromes reveals a strong evolutionary relationship between plant morphology and fluid dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 2000 Anemophily nationallicence hydrophily nationallicence wind pollination nationallicence water pollination nationallicence biomechanics nationallicence fluid dynamics nationallicence ephydrophily nationallicence hyphydrophily nationallicence dicliny nationallicence dichogamy nationallicence autogamy nationallicence Plant Systematics and Evolution Springer-Verlag 222/1-4(2000-03-01), 167-185 0378-2697 222:1-4<167 2000 222 606 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984101 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984101 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Ackerman J. Physical Ecology Laboratory, University of Northern British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Prince George, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Plant Systematics and Evolution Springer-Verlag 222/1-4(2000-03-01), 167-185 0378-2697 222:1-4<167 2000 222 606 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer