caa a22 4500 475806883 CHVBK 20180406123749.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170329e20000301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF00984108 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00984108 Bernhardt P. Department of Biology, St. Louis University, 63103, St. Louis, Missouri, USA aut Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms [Elektronische Daten] [P. Bernhardt] A literature review of 34 families of flowering plants containing at least one species pollinated primarily by beetles is presented. While the majority of species are represented by magnoliids and basal monocotyledons specialized, beetle-pollinated systems have evolved independently in 14 families of eudicotyldons and six families of petaloid monocots. Four, overlapping modes of floral presentation in plants pollinated exclusively by beetles (Bilabiate, Brush, Chamber Blossom and Painted Bowl) are described. Chamber Blossoms and Painted Bowls are the two most common modes. Chamber Blossoms, found in magnoliids, primitive monocotyledons and in some families of woody eudicots, exploit the greatest diversity of beetle pollinators. Painted Bowls are restricted to petaloid monocots and a few families of eudicots dependent primarily on hairy species of Scarabaeidae as pollen vectors. In contrast, generalist flowers pollinated by a combination of beetles and other animals are recorded in 22 families. Generalist systems are more likely to secrete nectar and exploit four beetle families absent in specialist flowers. Centers of diversity for species with specialized, beetle-pollinated systems are distributed through the wet tropics (centers for Brush and Chamber Blossoms) to warm temperate-Mediterranean zones (centers for Painted Bowls and a few Bilabiate flowers). It is unlikely that beetles were the first pollinators of angiosperms but specialized, beetlepollinated flowers must have evolved by the midlate Cretaceous to join pre-existing guilds of beetlepollinated gymnosperms. The floras of Australia and western North America suggest that mutualistic interactions between beetles and flowers has been a continuous and labile trend in angiosperms with novel interactions evolving through the Tertiary. Springer-Verlag, 2000 Chamber Blossom nationallicence chewing mouthparts nationallicence Coleoptera nationallicence Cretaceous nationallicence Painted Bowl nationallicence magnoliids nationallicence monocotyledons (basal vs. petaloid) nationallicence Scarabaeidae nationallicence Plant Systematics and Evolution Springer-Verlag 222/1-4(2000-03-01), 293-320 0378-2697 222:1-4<293 2000 222 606 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984108 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984108 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Bernhardt P. Department of Biology, St. Louis University, 63103, St. Louis, Missouri, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Plant Systematics and Evolution Springer-Verlag 222/1-4(2000-03-01), 293-320 0378-2697 222:1-4<293 2000 222 606 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer