caa a22 4500 475834534 CHVBK 20180406123850.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170329e20000901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1023/A:1009992321465 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1023/A:1009992321465 Predation by the hoopoe (Upupa epops) on pupae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa and the likelyinfluence on other natural enemies [Elektronische Daten] [A. Battisti, M. Bernardi, C. Ghiraldo] The hoopoe (Upupa epops L.) is an insectivorousbird often preying on larvae and pupae of the pineprocessionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoeapityocampa Denis & Schiffermüller), the mostimportant defoliator of pines in Southern Europe andNorthern Africa. The first half of the breeding seasonof this migratory bird coincides with the pupal stageof the insect. Bird predation of pupae was quantifiedin two years in a Pinus nigra stand of northernItaly by periodic counting of the empty cocoons lefton the soil surface after extraction. The predationrate, estimated on 20 pupation sites representing thewhole stand, was 74.1% in 1993 and 68.3% in 1994.Predation was higher in the upper part of the soil andthen progressively decreased with increasing depth.The hoopoe may also prey on cocoons containing pupaeinfected by pathogenic fungi or parasitoids. Anexclosure experiment showed that the bird mayinterfere with these other mortality factors. Threepupal parasitoids, the ichneumonids Erigorgusfemorator Aubert and Coelichneumon rudis (Boyerde Fonscolombe) and the pteromalid Conomoriumpityocampae Graham, were significantly less frequentin the exposed sites. The fungus Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and the most abundantpupal parasitoid, Villa brunnea Becker (Diptera:Bombyliidae), caused the highest pupal mortality atboth protected and exposed sites. The bird seems to bean incompletely additive mortality factor acting onthe pest and it can also alter the relativemortalities imposed by the other natural enemies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000 bird predation nationallicence forest nationallicence interference nationallicence Italy nationallicence Lepidoptera nationallicence pine processionary caterpillar nationallicence parasitism,/kwd> nationallicence Pinus nationallicence Thaumetopoeidae nationallicence Battisti A. Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Piazzaledelle Cascine 28, 50144, Firenze, Italy aut Bernardi M. Istituto di Entomologiaagraria, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro Padova, Italy aut Ghiraldo C. Istituto di Entomologiaagraria, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro Padova, Italy aut BioControl Kluwer Academic Publishers 45/3(2000-09-01), 311-323 1386-6141 45:3<311 2000 45 10526 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009992321465 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009992321465 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Battisti A. Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Piazzaledelle Cascine 28, 50144, Firenze, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bernardi M. Istituto di Entomologiaagraria, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro Padova, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ghiraldo C. Istituto di Entomologiaagraria, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro Padova, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- BioControl Kluwer Academic Publishers 45/3(2000-09-01), 311-323 1386-6141 45:3<311 2000 45 10526 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer