caa a22 4500 475848829 CHVBK 20180406123922.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170329e20000401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s004050050223 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s004050050223 Multicenter investigation of 1,036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds [Elektronische Daten] [G. Kobal, L. Klimek, M. Wolfensberger, H. Gudziol, A. Temmel, C. M. Owen, H. Seeber, E. Pauli, T. Hummel] "Sniffin' Sticks” is a test of nasal chemosensory performance that is based on penlike odor-dispensing devices. It is comprised of three tests of olfactory function: tests for odor threshold, discrimination and identification. Previous work has already established its test-retest reliability and validity in comparison to established measures of olfactory sensitivity. The results of this test are presented as a composite TDI score - i.e., the sum of results obtained for threshold, discrimination and identification measures. The present multicenter investigation aimed at providing normative values in relation to different age groups. To this end, 966 patients were investigated in 11 centers. An additional study tried to establish values for the identification of anosmic patients, with 70 anosmics investigated in five specialized centers where the presence of anosmia was confirmed by means of olfactory evoked potentials. For healthy subjects, the TDI score at the 10th percentile was 24.5 in subjects younger than 15 years, 30.3 for ages from 16 to 35 years, 28.8 for ages from 36 to 55 years and 27.5 for subjects older than 55 years. While these data can be used to estimate individual olfactory abilities in relation to a subject's age, hyposmia was defined as the 10th percentile score of 16- to 35-year-old subjects. Our latter study revealed that none of 70 anosmics reached a TDI score higher than 15. This score of 15 is regarded as the cut-off value for functional anosmia. These results provide the basis for the routine clinical evaluation of patients with olfactory disorders using "Sniffin' Sticks.” Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2000 Key words Olfaction nationallicence Identification nationallicence Discrimination nationallicence Thresholds nationallicence Age-related changes nationallicence Kobal G. Department of Pharmacology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, DE aut Klimek L. Department of ORL, University of Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany, DE aut Wolfensberger M. Department of ORL, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, CH aut Gudziol H. Department of ORL, University of Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, DE aut Temmel A. Department of ORL, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria, AT aut Owen C. M. School of Biophysical Sciences and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, 3122 Hawthorn, Australia, AU aut Seeber H. Clinic of ORL, 06847 Dessau, Germany, DE aut Pauli E. Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, DE aut Hummel T. Department of ORL, University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany e-mail: thummel@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de, DE aut https://doi.org/10.1007/s004050050223 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004050050223 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kobal G. Department of Pharmacology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, DE aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Klimek L. Department of ORL, University of Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany, DE aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wolfensberger M. Department of ORL, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, CH aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gudziol H. Department of ORL, University of Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, DE aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Temmel A. Department of ORL, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria, AT aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Owen C. M. School of Biophysical Sciences and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, 3122 Hawthorn, Australia, AU aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Seeber H. Clinic of ORL, 06847 Dessau, Germany, DE aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pauli E. Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, DE aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hummel T. Department of ORL, University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany e-mail: thummel@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de, DE aut Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer