caa a22 4500 47707233X CHVBK 20180405111429.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170330e19961101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF00052509 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF00052509 Activation of the neuroendocrine response in heart failure: Adaptive or maladaptive process? [Elektronische Daten] [R. Ferrari, C. Ceconi, S. Curello, F. Ferrari, R. Confortini, P. Pepi, O. Visioli] Summary: Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the capacity of the heart to maintain cardiac output is impaired. As a consequence, blood pressure is threatened and endocrine and paracrine mechanisms are activated to preserve circulatory homeostasis and to maintain blood pressure. At terminal stages, a complex multiorgan syndrome develops with severe pump failure, intense systemic vasoconstriction, and avid water and sodium retention. Increasing evidence points to humoral circulating or locally synthesized substances as one of the causes of the terminal consequences of heart failure. Therefore, the hypothesis that the syndrome of heart failure is, at least in part, a humoral disease has developed and is obtaining scientific credibility. Consequently, the neuroendocrine response to heart failure is no longer viewed as a compensatory beneficial mechanism. Instead, we have learned through the years that pharmacological treatment aimed at reducing the effect of the neuroendocrine response is indeed clinically and prognostically advantageous for the patient. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 hormones nationallicence renin angiotensin aldosterone nationallicence atrial natriuretic peptide nationallicence tumor necrosis factor alpha nationallicence ACE inhibitors nationallicence heart failure nationallicence Ferrari R. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Ceconi C. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Curello S. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Ferrari F. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Confortini R. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Pepi P. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Visioli O. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy Kluwer Academic Publishers 10(1996-11-01), 623-629 0920-3206 10<623 1996 10 10557 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052509 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052509 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ferrari R. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ceconi C. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Curello S. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ferrari F. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Confortini R. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pepi P. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Visioli O. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Research Center, University of Brescia, "Salvatore maugeri” Foundation, IRCCS, Gussago, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy Kluwer Academic Publishers 10(1996-11-01), 623-629 0920-3206 10<623 1996 10 10557 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer