caa a22 4500 477118119 CHVBK 20180405111628.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170330e19961001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/BF02691435 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/BF02691435 Adjunctive brainstem behaviors in the rat [Elektronische Daten] [Orlando Andy, Xiao-Bing Qian, Mathew Lundien, Cora Dearman, Jack Andy, Robin Rockhold, Michael Andrews] Adjunctive behaviors refers to behaviors that are "out of context” and/or excessive in amount. The terminology was first used for unexplained behaviors associated with food pellet ratio contingencies in food deprived rats (Falk, 1971). Clinically, unrelated and complex excessive behaviors were also noted with brainstem and diencephalic discharges (Andy, 1986, 1989 and 1995; Andy and Jurko, 1986). The objective of this study was to develop a model of brainstem generated adjunctive behaviors in the rat. Method: Sixty-one adult rats were used. Kindling was induced by mechanical and DC electrical perturbations in the midbrain. Nine different treatment groups were established in which lesions and drugs were used separately and in different combinations. Cocaine was used to accentuate, and dextrorphan to attenuate the kindling process. Behaviors were visually analyzed and recorded by video camera; they were not quantified. DC stimulation and EEGs were done with Grass instruments. Recording and stimulation sights were verified histologically. Results: A total of 45 different behaviors were elicited. DC stimulation kindled subjects had significantly more behaviors than did electrode insertion alone and cocaine alone. However, cocaine combined with DC stimulation increased the number and intensity of the kindled behaviors. Dextrorphan tended to facilitate catatonic and sleep states. Behaviors occurred randomly and were unrelated, even when they occurred in clusters. The behaviors were associated with four abnormal EEG discharge patterns. Conclusion: We speculate that brainstem behaviors are innate adjunctive drives that are generated in the brainstem reticular formation. They are monitored by the cortex and partially modified by environmental and cortical inputs. Transaction Publishers, 1996 brainstem nationallicence adjunctive behavior nationallicence innate behavior nationallicence kindling nationallicence reticular formation nationallicence non-epileptic seizures nationallicence DC stimulation nationallicence syndrome nationallicence Andy Orlando Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Qian Xiao-Bing Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Lundien Mathew Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Dearman Cora Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Andy Jack Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Rockhold Robin Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Andrews Michael Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science Springer-Verlag 31/4(1996-10-01), 315-330 1053-881X 31:4<315 1996 31 12124 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691435 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691435 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Andy Orlando Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Qian Xiao-Bing Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lundien Mathew Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dearman Cora Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Andy Jack Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rockhold Robin Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Andrews Michael Depts. of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science Springer-Verlag 31/4(1996-10-01), 315-330 1053-881X 31:4<315 1996 31 12124 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer