naa a22 4500 510725643 CHVBK 20180411082934.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11947-011-0717-1 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11947-011-0717-1 Size and Moisture Distribution Characteristics of Walnuts and Their Components [Elektronische Daten] [Ragab Khir, Zhongli Pan, Griffiths Atungulu, James Thompson, Dongyan Shao] The objective of this study was to determine the size characteristics and moisture content (MC) distributions of individual walnuts and their components, including hulls, shells, and kernels under different harvest conditions. Measurements were carried out for three walnut varieties, Tulare, Howard, and Chandler cultivated in California, USA. The samples for each variety were collected from the harvester at the first and second harvest of nuts treated with and without ethephon. The nuts were sorted into two categories as with hulls and without hulls before conducting dimension and MC measurements. The results showed that there was a wide range of size distribution for nuts with and without hulls and a huge variability in moisture content among individual nuts at harvest. The average MC of nuts with hulls was much higher than that of nuts without hulls for all tested varieties. The nuts with hulls had an average moisture content of 32.99% compared to 13.86% for nuts without hulls. Also, the shell moisture content was much higher than kernel moisture content. On average, the differences in moisture content between shell and kernel was 11.56% for nuts with hulls and 6.45% for nuts without hulls. There was no significant deference in hull MC between the first and second harvest for the studied varieties. Based on the regression analysis, it was observed that strong relationships exist between the MC of shells and kernels. The obtained results provide information for designing and developing new handling and processing equipments, especially for increased drying capacity, reduced energy use, and obtaining high-quality walnut products. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA), 2011 Moisture content nationallicence Distribution nationallicence Size characteristics nationallicence Walnut nationallicence Ethephon nationallicence Hull nationallicence Shell nationallicence Kernel nationallicence MC : Moisture content (in percent) nationallicence SMC : Shell moisture content nationallicence MCwb : Moisture content, percentage of wb nationallicence Φ : Sphericity nationallicence L : Major diameter or length, in millimeters nationallicence W i : Initial weight (in grams) nationallicence D 1 : Intermediate diameter or width (in millimeters) nationallicence W d : Dry weight (in grams) nationallicence D 2 : Minor diameter or thickness (in millimeters) nationallicence W si : Shell initial weight (in grams) nationallicence D g : Geometric mean diameter (in millimeters) nationallicence W sd : Shell dry weight (in grams) nationallicence h1 : First harvest nationallicence W ki : Kernel initial weight (in grams) nationallicence h2 : Second harvest nationallicence W kd : Kernel dry weight (in grams) nationallicence K mc : Kernel moisture content nationallicence Khir Ragab Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut Pan Zhongli Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut Atungulu Griffiths Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut Thompson James Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut Shao Dongyan Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut Food and Bioprocess Technology Springer-Verlag 6/3(2013-03-01), 771-782 1935-5130 6:3<771 2013 6 11947 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0717-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0717-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Khir Ragab Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pan Zhongli Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Atungulu Griffiths Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Thompson James Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Shao Dongyan Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Food and Bioprocess Technology Springer-Verlag 6/3(2013-03-01), 771-782 1935-5130 6:3<771 2013 6 11947 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer