naa a22 4500 510729797 CHVBK 20180411082948.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12671-012-0111-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12671-012-0111-8 Observing as an Essential Facet of Mindfulness: A Comparison of FFMQ Patterns in Meditating and Non-Meditating Individuals [Elektronische Daten] [Josefine Lilja, Lars-Gunnar Lundh, Torbjörn Josefsson, Fredrik Falkenström] One of the most comprehensive measures of mindfulness is the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) with five factors—Observing, Describing, Acting with awareness, Non-judging, and Non-reactivity. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses, however, have suggested that only four of the FFMQ factors (i.e. all except Observing) were components of "an overall mindfulness construct”—which is puzzling because Observing represents a core aspect of all definitions of mindfulness. The purpose of the present study was to approach this problem by a person-oriented approach, focusing on patterns on the FFMQ scales, rather than linear associations between them. Data on the FFMQ were collected on 817 individuals. Cluster analysis according to the LICUR procedure was used to group these participants in 13 clusters, according to their profiles of scores on the five FFMQ scales. Of the participants, 325 were categorized as meditators and 317 as non-meditators. To test hypotheses about the relation between Observing and mindfulness (which we assumed should be higher among meditators), the meditators/non-meditators categorization was cross-tabulated with the FFMQ clusters. The results showed that all clusters in which meditators were over-represented had high scores on Observing, and all clusters in which meditators were under-represented had low scores on Observing—which supports the hypothesis that mindfulness is related to high levels of Observing. The relationship between Observing and Non-judging, however, was found to be more complex than expected. The results are discussed in terms of mindfulness seen as a multidimensional skill, which may develop differently in various subgroups of individuals. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2012 Mindfulness nationallicence Cluster analysis nationallicence FFMQ nationallicence Meditators nationallicence Non-meditators nationallicence Lilja Josefine Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University, Box 500, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden aut Lundh Lars-Gunnar Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden aut Josefsson Torbjörn Social Science and Health Section, Halmstad University College, Halmstad, Sweden aut Falkenström Fredrik Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden aut Mindfulness Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 4/3(2013-09-01), 203-212 1868-8527 4:3<203 2013 4 12671 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0111-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0111-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lilja Josefine Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University, Box 500, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lundh Lars-Gunnar Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Josefsson Torbjörn Social Science and Health Section, Halmstad University College, Halmstad, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Falkenström Fredrik Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Mindfulness Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 4/3(2013-09-01), 203-212 1868-8527 4:3<203 2013 4 12671 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer