naa a22 4500 51073068X CHVBK 20180411082951.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11295-013-0601-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11295-013-0601-4 Complex origin of Trinitario-type Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) from Trinidad and Tobago revealed using plastid genomics [Elektronische Daten] [Ji Yang, Moira Scascitelli, Lambert Motilal, Saemundur Sveinsson, Johannes Engels, Nolan Kane, Hannes Dempewolf, Dapeng Zhang, Kamaldeo Maharaj, Quentin Cronk] Trinidad and Tobago has a long history of producing high-quality cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Cacao genotypes in Trinidad and Tobago are of a highly distinctive kind, the so-called "Trinitario” cultivar group, widely considered to be of elite quality. The origin of Trinitario cacao is unclear, although it is generally considered to be of hybrid origin. We used massive parallel sequencing to identify polymorphic plastidic single nucleotide polymorphisms (cpSNPs) and polymorphic plastidic simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) in order to determine the origin of the Trinitario cultivar group by comparing patterns of polymorphism to a reference set of ten completely sequenced chloroplast genomes (nine T. cacao and one outgroup, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum). Only three cpSNP haplotypes were present in the Trinitario cultivars sampled, each highly distinctive and corresponding to reference genotypes for the Criollo (CRI), Upper Amazon Forastero (UAF) and Lower Amazon Forastero (LAF) varietal groups. These three cpSNP haplotypes likely represent the founding lineages of cacao to Trinidad and Tobago. The cpSSRs were more variable with eight haplotypes, but these clustered into three groups corresponding to the three cpSNP haplotypes. The most common haplotype found in farms of Trinidad and Tobago was LAF, followed by UAF and then CRI. We conclude that the Trinitario cultivar group is of complex hybrid origin and has derived from at least three original introduction events. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013 Theobroma cacao nationallicence Chloroplast nationallicence Microsatellites nationallicence Single nucleotide polymorphisms nationallicence Trinitario nationallicence Yang Ji Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut Scascitelli Moira Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut Motilal Lambert Cocoa Research Unit, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago aut Sveinsson Saemundur Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut Engels Johannes Biodiversity International, 00057, Rome, Maccarese, Italy aut Kane Nolan Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut Dempewolf Hannes Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut Zhang Dapeng SPCL, USDA-ARS, Building 001 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, 20705, Beltsville, MD, USA aut Maharaj Kamaldeo Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production Land, and Marine Resources Affairs, Central Experiment Station, Centeno, Via Arima P.O., West Indies, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago aut Cronk Quentin Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut Tree Genetics & Genomes Springer-Verlag 9/3(2013-06-01), 829-840 1614-2942 9:3<829 2013 9 11295 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-013-0601-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-013-0601-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yang Ji Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Scascitelli Moira Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Motilal Lambert Cocoa Research Unit, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sveinsson Saemundur Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Engels Johannes Biodiversity International, 00057, Rome, Maccarese, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kane Nolan Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dempewolf Hannes Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang Dapeng SPCL, USDA-ARS, Building 001 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, 20705, Beltsville, MD, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Maharaj Kamaldeo Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production Land, and Marine Resources Affairs, Central Experiment Station, Centeno, Via Arima P.O., West Indies, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cronk Quentin Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Tree Genetics & Genomes Springer-Verlag 9/3(2013-06-01), 829-840 1614-2942 9:3<829 2013 9 11295 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer