naa a22 4500 510735932 CHVBK 20180411083010.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11573-013-0674-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11573-013-0674-4 Shades of gray: effect of external work arrangements on firm performance under operational and strategic contingencies [Elektronische Daten] [Ricarda Bouncken, Christian Lehmann, Martin Ratzmann] This study builds on recent research on the external workforce by examining the effects of (1) temporary work (2) independent contracting, and (3) consulting on firm performance, considering the client firms' tasks, the qualification requirements for carrying out these tasks, and its strategic context. The findings are based on a survey of 261 firms in the German manufacturing industry. At the operational level, the results indicate that the difficulty of the tasks to be performed by external workers influences their performance. Whilst temporary work and consulting are better suited for simple tasks with low qualification requirements, independent contracting increases firm performance when appointing individuals to perform complex tasks. At the strategic level we research effects by two strategic orientations; one generally increasing the internal innovation performance (innovation orientation), the other generally increasing the performance of external relationships (alliance orientation). The innovation orientation here reduces the negative effect of temporary work, whereas a high alliance orientation precipitates a positive effect of consulting on firm performance. This paper demonstrates that clients' task requirements and their alignment towards innovation and alliances have a significant influence on the benefits to the firm conveyed by highly qualified externals. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013 External work arrangements nationallicence Temporary work nationallicence Independent contracting nationallicence Consulting nationallicence Task structure nationallicence Bouncken Ricarda Chair of Strategic Management and Organization, University of Bayreuth, Prieserstr. 2, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany aut Lehmann Christian Chair of Strategic Management and Organization, University of Bayreuth, Prieserstr. 2, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany aut Ratzmann Martin Chair of Strategic Management and Organization, University of Bayreuth, Prieserstr. 2, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany aut Journal of Business Economics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 83/8(2013-09-01), 863-900 0044-2372 83:8<863 2013 83 11573 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-013-0674-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-013-0674-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bouncken Ricarda Chair of Strategic Management and Organization, University of Bayreuth, Prieserstr. 2, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lehmann Christian Chair of Strategic Management and Organization, University of Bayreuth, Prieserstr. 2, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ratzmann Martin Chair of Strategic Management and Organization, University of Bayreuth, Prieserstr. 2, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Business Economics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 83/8(2013-09-01), 863-900 0044-2372 83:8<863 2013 83 11573 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer