naa a22 4500 510739628 CHVBK 20180411083023.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12015-013-9429-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12015-013-9429-4 Anjamrooz Seyed Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran aut The Cellular Memory Disc of Reprogrammed Cells [Elektronische Daten] [Seyed Anjamrooz] The crucial facts underlying the low efficiency of cellular reprogramming are poorly understood. Cellular reprogramming occurs in nuclear transfer, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) formation, cell fusion, and lineage-switching experiments. Despite these advances, there are three fundamental problems to be addressed: (1) the majority of cells cannot be reprogrammed, (2) the efficiency of reprogramming cells is usually low, and (3) the reprogrammed cells developed from a patient's own cells activate immune responses. These shortcomings present major obstacles for using reprogramming approaches in customised cell therapy. In this Perspective, the author synthesises past and present observations in the field of cellular reprogramming to propose a theoretical picture of the cellular memory disc. The current hypothesis is that all cells undergo an endogenous and exogenous holographic memorisation such that parts of the cellular memory dramatically decrease the efficiency of reprogramming cells, act like a barrier against reprogramming in the majority of cells, and activate immune responses. Accordingly, the focus of this review is mainly to describe the cellular memory disc (CMD). Based on the present theory, cellular memory includes three parts: a reprogramming-resistance memory (RRM), a switch-promoting memory (SPM) and a culture-induced memory (CIM), which arises genetically, epigenetically and non-genetically, respectively, and affect cellular behaviours. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2013 Cellular memory nationallicence Cellular reprogramming nationallicence Stem cell nationallicence Induced pluripotent stem cell nationallicence Stem Cell Reviews and Reports Humana Press Inc 9/2(2013-04-01), 190-209 1550-8943 9:2<190 2013 9 12015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-013-9429-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-013-9429-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Anjamrooz Seyed Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Stem Cell Reviews and Reports Humana Press Inc 9/2(2013-04-01), 190-209 1550-8943 9:2<190 2013 9 12015 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer