naa a22 4500 510740200 CHVBK 20180411083025.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12122-013-9159-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12122-013-9159-z What are Relevant Work Incentive Models? Shirking Model, Gift Exchange Model, or Reciprocity Model [Elektronische Daten] [Akinori Tomohara, Akihiko Ohno] This empirical study examines the relevance of different work incentive models by distinguishing reciprocity induced by pecuniary and non-pecuniary factors. Although the literature does not present an examination of different models all together but rather specifically examines each model mainly through experimental laboratory games, we study which models are suitable to explain work incentives in real labor markets. Our analyses reveal that overall reciprocity induced by non-pecuniary factors motivates employees well. The shirking model induces effort only if employees face a high level of vulnerability to firing. However, the high level of vulnerability to dismissal invalidates the gift exchange and reciprocity models. These results can complement controlled laboratory experiments, whose results are often restricted in applying to the reality. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2013 Effort nationallicence Gift exchange nationallicence Reciprocity nationallicence Shirking nationallicence Tomohara Akinori Department of International Politics and Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Building No. 8 - 421, 4-4-25 Shibuya, 150-8366, Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Japan aut Ohno Akihiko Department of International Politics, Economics and Communications, Aoyama Gakuin University, Building No. 8 - 520, 4-4-25 Shibuya, 150-8366, Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Japan aut Journal of Labor Research Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 34/2(2013-06-01), 241-252 0195-3613 34:2<241 2013 34 12122 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-013-9159-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-013-9159-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tomohara Akinori Department of International Politics and Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Building No. 8 - 421, 4-4-25 Shibuya, 150-8366, Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ohno Akihiko Department of International Politics, Economics and Communications, Aoyama Gakuin University, Building No. 8 - 520, 4-4-25 Shibuya, 150-8366, Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Labor Research Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 34/2(2013-06-01), 241-252 0195-3613 34:2<241 2013 34 12122 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer