naa a22 4500 510759521 CHVBK 20180411083134.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s13225-013-0240-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s13225-013-0240-y Endophytes versus biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens—are fungal lifestyles evolutionarily stable traits? [Elektronische Daten] [Luis Delaye, Graciela García-Guzmán, Martin Heil] Endophytes infect living plant tissues without causing symptoms of disease. Indeed, many of them contribute to the resistance phenotype of their host. However, fungal endophytes are generally closely related to plant pathogens, fungi that either develop within living host tissue (biotrophic fungi) or that kill the host cells and then live in the dead tissue (necrotrophic fungi). We adopted a phylogenetic approach to investigate whether these strategies represent evolutionarily stable lifestyles and to elucidate their general phylogenetic relationships. We analysed 163 fungal strains for which we found information on the sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacer regions, the identity of the host plant and the concrete phenotypic outcome of the infection. A Maximum-Likelihood analysis combined with ancestral character mapping by maximum parsimony revealed that some fungal lineages had switched multiple times between a necrotrophic and an endophytic lifestyle. Ancestral character mapping indicated a minimum of four changes from an endophytic to a necrotrophic lifestyle, four changes in the opposite direction and eight changes among these lifestyles for which the direction could not be determined unambiguously. By contrast, biotrophs formed five clusters that did not contain necrotrophs or endophytes. Once biotrophy evolves there is apparently no regression to one of the other two lifestyles. We conclude that biotrophy usually represents a derived and evolutionarily stable trait, whereas fungi easily can switch between an endophytic and necrotrophic lifestyle at the evolutionary and even the ecological timescale. Future experimental studies should focus on the environmental or genetic changes that cause the rapid switches between these two phenotypically different lifestyles. Mushroom Research Foundation, 2013 Disease expression nationallicence Fungi nationallicence Plant pathogens nationallicence Phylogenetic effects nationallicence Delaye Luis Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico aut García-Guzmán Graciela Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México City, Mexico aut Heil Martin Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico aut Fungal Diversity Springer Netherlands 60/1(2013-05-01), 125-135 1560-2745 60:1<125 2013 60 13225 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0240-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0240-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Delaye Luis Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- García-Guzmán Graciela Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México City, Mexico aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Heil Martin Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Fungal Diversity Springer Netherlands 60/1(2013-05-01), 125-135 1560-2745 60:1<125 2013 60 13225 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer