naa a22 4500 510773966 CHVBK 20180411083224.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20131201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12110-013-9182-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12110-013-9182-z Male Androphilia in the Ancestral Environment [Elektronische Daten] An Ethnological Analysis [Doug VanderLaan, Zhiyuan Ren, Paul Vasey] The kin selection hypothesis posits that male androphilia (male sexual attraction to adult males) evolved because androphilic males invest more in kin, thereby enhancing inclusive fitness. Increased kin-directed altruism has been repeatedly documented among a population of transgendered androphilic males, but never among androphilic males in other cultures who adopt gender identities as men. Thus, the kin selection hypothesis may be viable if male androphilia was expressed in the transgendered form in the ancestral past. Using the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS), we examined 46 societies in which male androphilia was expressed in the transgendered form (transgendered societies) and 146 comparison societies (non-transgendered societies). We analyzed SCCS variables pertaining to ancestral sociocultural conditions, access to kin, and societal reactions to homosexuality. Our results show that ancestral sociocultural conditions and bilateral and double descent systems were more common in transgendered than in non-transgendered societies. Across the entire sample, descent systems and residence patterns that would presumably facilitate increased access to kin were associated with the presence of ancestral sociocultural conditions. Among transgendered societies, negative societal attitudes toward homosexuality were unlikely. We conclude that the ancestral human sociocultural environment was likely conducive to the expression of the transgendered form of male androphilia. Descent systems, residence patterns, and societal reactions to homosexuality likely facilitated investments in kin by transgendered males. Given that contemporary transgendered male androphiles appear to exhibit elevated kin-directed altruism, these findings further indicate the viability of the kin selection hypothesis. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2013 Ethnology nationallicence Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) nationallicence Sexual orientation nationallicence Human evolution nationallicence Kin selection nationallicence Transgenderism nationallicence VanderLaan Doug Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, M6J 1H4, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Ren Zhiyuan Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada aut Vasey Paul Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada aut Human Nature Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 24/4(2013-12-01), 375-401 1045-6767 24:4<375 2013 24 12110 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-013-9182-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-013-9182-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- VanderLaan Doug Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, M6J 1H4, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ren Zhiyuan Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Vasey Paul Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Human Nature Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 24/4(2013-12-01), 375-401 1045-6767 24:4<375 2013 24 12110 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer