naa a22 4500 510776094 CHVBK 20180411083230.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130801xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12975-012-0229-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12975-012-0229-y Gender-Specific Differences in the Central Nervous System's Response to Anesthesia [Elektronische Daten] [Lana Mawhinney, Davita Mabourakh, Michael Lewis] Males and females are physiologically distinct in their responses to various anesthetic agents. The brain and central nervous system (CNS), the main target of anesthesia, are sexually dimorphic from birth and continue to differentiate throughout life. Accordingly, gender has a substantial impact on the influence of various anesthetic agents in the brain and CNS. Given the vast differences in the male and female CNS, it is surprising to find that females are often excluded from basic and clinical research studies of anesthesia. In animal research, males are typically studied to avoid the complication of breeding, pregnancy, and hormonal changes in females. In clinical studies, females are also excluded for the variations that occur in the reproductive cycle. Being that approximately half of the surgical population is female, the exclusion of females in anesthesia-related research studies leaves a huge knowledge gap in the literature. In this review, we examine the reported sex-specific differences in the central nervous system's response to anesthesia. Furthermore, we suggest that anesthesia researchers perform experiments on both sexes to further evaluate such differences. We believe a key goal of research studying the interaction of the brain and anesthesia should include the search for knowledge of sex-specific mechanisms that will improve anesthetic care and management in both sexes. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2012 Anesthesia nationallicence Brain nationallicence Central nervous system nationallicence Gender differences nationallicence Review nationallicence Mawhinney Lana The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 N.W. 14th Terrace (R-48), 33136-1060, Miami, FL, USA aut Mabourakh Davita College of Arts and Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA aut Lewis Michael Graduate Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA aut Translational Stroke Research Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 4/4(2013-08-01), 462-475 1868-4483 4:4<462 2013 4 12975 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-012-0229-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-012-0229-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mawhinney Lana The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 N.W. 14th Terrace (R-48), 33136-1060, Miami, FL, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mabourakh Davita College of Arts and Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lewis Michael Graduate Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Translational Stroke Research Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 4/4(2013-08-01), 462-475 1868-4483 4:4<462 2013 4 12975 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer