naa a22 4500 510780164 CHVBK 20180411083244.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11692-012-9191-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11692-012-9191-6 The Evolution and Paleobiogeography of Flying Squirrels (Sciuridae, Pteromyini) in Response to Global Environmental Change [Elektronische Daten] [Xuefei Lu, Deyan Ge, Lin Xia, Zhaoqun Zhang, Song Li, Qisen Yang] Flying squirrels are strictly arboreal squirrels adopting a special gliding form of locomotion. This group of animals has a long history that has mirrored the vicissitude of forests. The discrepancy in the distribution between fossils and extant species indicates a mysterious evolution history requiring further exploration. This study compiles the worldwide fossils of Pteromyini to the species level in order to reproduce the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of flying squirrels and deduce the ancestral distribution according to dispersal-vicariance analysis of a phylogeny of the extant species. In addition, we reconstruct the paleoenvironmental background and find that flying squirrels probably originated in the Oligocene-Miocene transition from Europe and immediately dispersed to Asia and North America. Influenced by glaciation, CO2 reduction, geologic movements and the Paratethys retreat, the Northern Hemisphere underwent climate deterioration and grassland expansion during the late Miocene, and thus the diversity of Pteromyini dramatically decreased. The uplift of the Tibet Plateau in addition to the strengthened Asian monsoons intensified the aridity in central Asia, but brought sufficient water to the densely forested regions of South and Southeast Asia. These forests are likely both refugia and diversification center for flying squirrels during glacial periods in the Quarternary. The subsequent connection and separation events among these heterogeneous habitats has probably been a driving force in the speciation of flying squirrels. Based on this work, we predict a bleak future for the flying squirrels, one which is closely associated with the fate of forests in Asia. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2012 Sciuridae nationallicence Pteromyini nationallicence Evolution nationallicence Paleobiogeography nationallicence Dispersal-vicariance analysis nationallicence Lu Xuefei Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut Ge Deyan Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut Xia Lin Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut Zhang Zhaoqun Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Xizhimenwai Street, 100044, Beijing, China aut Li Song Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Jiaochang East Road, 650223, Kunming, China aut Yang Qisen Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut Evolutionary Biology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 40/1(2013-03-01), 117-132 0071-3260 40:1<117 2013 40 11692 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9191-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9191-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lu Xuefei Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ge Deyan Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Xia Lin Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang Zhaoqun Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Xizhimenwai Street, 100044, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Li Song Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Jiaochang East Road, 650223, Kunming, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yang Qisen Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beichen West Road, 100101, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Evolutionary Biology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 40/1(2013-03-01), 117-132 0071-3260 40:1<117 2013 40 11692 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer