naa a22 4500 510780423 CHVBK 20180411083245.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20131201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y Expression and Evolution of Short Wavelength Sensitive Opsins in Colugos: A Nocturnal Lineage That Informs Debate on Primate Origins [Elektronische Daten] [Gillian Moritz, Norman Lim, Maureen Neitz, Leo Peichl, Nathaniel Dominy] A nocturnal activity pattern is central to almost all hypotheses on the adaptive origins of primates. This enduring view has been challenged in recent years on the basis of variation in the opsin genes of nocturnal primates. A correspondence between the opsin genes and activity patterns of species in Euarchonta—the superordinal group that includes the orders Primates, Dermoptera (colugos), and Scandentia (treeshrews)—could prove instructive, yet the basic biology of the dermopteran visual system is practically unknown. Here we show that the eye of the Sunda colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) lacks a tapetum lucidum and has an avascular retina, and we report on the expression and spectral sensitivity of cone photopigments. We found that Sunda colugos have intact short wavelength sensitive (S-) and long wavelength sensitive (L-) opsin genes, and that both opsins are expressed in cone photoreceptors of the retina. The inferred peak spectral sensitivities are 451 and 562nm, respectively. In line with adaptation to nocturnal vision, cone densities are low. Surprisingly, a majority of S-cones coexpress some L-opsin. We also show that the ratio of rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions of exon 1 of the S-opsin gene is indicative of purifying selection. Taken together, our results suggest that natural selection has favored a functional S-opsin in a nocturnal lineage for at least 45 million years. Accordingly, a nocturnal activity pattern remains the most likely ancestral character state of euprimates. The Author(s), 2013 Retina nationallicence Visual pigment nationallicence Dermoptera nationallicence Scandentia nationallicence Primates nationallicence Moritz Gillian Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, The Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, 78 College Street, 03755, Hanover, NH, USA aut Lim Norman Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut Neitz Maureen Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356485, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA aut Peichl Leo Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany aut Dominy Nathaniel Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, The Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, 78 College Street, 03755, Hanover, NH, USA aut Evolutionary Biology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 40/4(2013-12-01), 542-553 0071-3260 40:4<542 2013 40 11692 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Moritz Gillian Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, The Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, 78 College Street, 03755, Hanover, NH, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lim Norman Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Neitz Maureen Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356485, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Peichl Leo Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dominy Nathaniel Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, The Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, 78 College Street, 03755, Hanover, NH, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Evolutionary Biology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 40/4(2013-12-01), 542-553 0071-3260 40:4<542 2013 40 11692 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer