naa a22 4500 510780652 CHVBK 20180411083246.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11692-012-9211-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11692-012-9211-6 Paternal Effects on Offspring Fitness Reflect Father's Social Environment [Elektronische Daten] [Margo Adler, Russell Bonduriansky] In many species, males influence phenotypic traits in their offspring through non-genetic paternal effects. Such effects can represent a form of paternal investment, and males may benefit by adjusting the effects depending on environmental parameters, such as operational sex ratio, so as to maximize offspring fitness. In the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis, fathers reared on a nutrient-rich larval diet produce larger offspring, independent of the rearing environment of the offspring. Here we asked whether this paternal effect was influenced by the social environment to which fathers were exposed. We found significant interactions of the effects of paternal larval diet quality and social environment (same-sex vs. mixed-sex groups) on offspring fitness-related traits. Fathers reared on a nutrient-rich diet produced larger male offspring when housed in mixed-sex groups. However, fathers reared on a nutrient-rich diet produced more viable offspring (or more viable sperm) when housed in same-sex groups prior to mating. These results suggest that fitness-enhancing paternal effects can trade off, consistent with parental investment theory on the offspring size-number trade-off, which suggests that these traits represent alternative investment options and parents are selected to optimize the balance based on a range of environmental variables. This is the first study to show that males can facultatively modulate paternal effects based on the social environment. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2012 Paternal effects nationallicence Social environment nationallicence Adaptive phenotypic plasticity nationallicence Development nationallicence Larval diet nationallicence Offspring size nationallicence Adler Margo Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia aut Bonduriansky Russell Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia aut Evolutionary Biology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 40/2(2013-06-01), 288-292 0071-3260 40:2<288 2013 40 11692 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9211-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9211-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Adler Margo Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bonduriansky Russell Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Evolutionary Biology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 40/2(2013-06-01), 288-292 0071-3260 40:2<288 2013 40 11692 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer