naa a22 4500 510787290 CHVBK 20180411083307.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20131201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12041-013-0273-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12041-013-0273-8 Roles, and establishment, maintenance and erasing of the epigenetic cytosine methylation marks in plants [Elektronische Daten] [SUSHIL KUMAR, RENU KUMARI, VISHAKHA SHARMA, VINAY SHARMA] Heritable information in plants consists of genomic information in DNA sequence and epigenetic information superimposed on DNA sequence. The latter is in the form of cytosine methylation at CG, CHG and CHH elements (where H = A, T or C) and a variety of histone modifications in nucleosomes. The epialleles arising from cytosine methylation marks on the nuclear genomic loci have better heritability than the epiallelic variation due to chromatin marks. Phenotypic variation is increased manifold by epiallele comprised methylomes. Plants (angiosperms) have highly conserved genetic mechanisms to establish, maintain or erase cytosine methylation from epialleles. The methylation marks in plants fluctuate according to the cell/tissue/organ in the vegetative and reproductive phases of plant life cycle. They also change according to environment. Epialleles arise by gain or loss of cytosine methylation marks on genes. The changes occur due to the imperfection of the processes that establish and maintain the marks and on account of spontaneous and stress imposed removal of marks. Cytosine methylation pattern acquired in response to abiotic or biotic stress is often inherited over one to several subsequent generations. Cytosine methylation marks affect physiological functions of plants via their effect(s) on gene expression levels. They also repress transposable elements that are abundantly present in plant genomes. The density of their distribution along chromosome lengths affects meiotic recombination rate, while their removal increases mutation rate. Transposon activation due to loss of methylation causes rearrangements such that new gene regulatory networks arise and genes for microRNAs may originate. Cytosine methylation dynamics contribute to evolutionary changes. This review presents and discusses the available evidence on origin, removal and roles of cytosine methylation and on related processes, such as RNA directed DNA methylation, imprinting, paramutation and transgenerational memory in plants. Indian Academy of Sciences, 2013 cytosine methylation nationallicence DNA methylation mechanisms nationallicence DNA demethylation mechanisms nationallicence Darwinian-cum-Lamarckian evolution nationallicence epialleles nationallicence epigenetic modifications nationallicence genetic recombination nationallicence heritable induced defence nationallicence mutational hotspots nationallicence transgenerational inheritance nationallicence KUMAR SUSHIL National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India aut KUMARI RENU National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India aut SHARMA VISHAKHA National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India aut SHARMA VINAY Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidhyapeeth, 304 022, Banasthali, India aut Journal of Genetics Springer India 92/3(2013-12-01), 629-666 0022-1333 92:3<629 2013 92 12041 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-013-0273-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-013-0273-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- KUMAR SUSHIL National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- KUMARI RENU National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- SHARMA VISHAKHA National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- SHARMA VINAY Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidhyapeeth, 304 022, Banasthali, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Genetics Springer India 92/3(2013-12-01), 629-666 0022-1333 92:3<629 2013 92 12041 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer