naa a22 4500 51079498X CHVBK 20180411083333.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11277-012-0664-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11277-012-0664-9 Stable-Aware Evolutionary Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks [Elektronische Daten] [Enan Khalil, Bara'a Attea] In real life scenario for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy heterogeneity among the sensor nodes due to uneven terrain, connectivity failure, and packet dropping is a crucial factor that triggered the race for developing robust and reliable routing protocols. Prolonging the time interval before the death of the first sensor node, viz. the stability period, is critical for many applications where the feedback from the WSN must be reliable. Although Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and LEACH-like protocols are fundamental and popular clustering protocols to manage the system's energy and thus to prolong the lifespan of the network, they assume a near to a perfect energy homogeneous system where a node failure, drainage and re-energizing are typically not considered. More recent protocols like Stable Election Protocol (SEP) considers the reverse, i.e., energy heterogeneity, and properly utilizes the extra energy to guarantee a stable and reliable performance of the network system. While paradigms of computational intelligence such as evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have attracted significant attention in recent years to address various WSN's challenges such as nodes deployment and localization, data fusion and aggregation, security and routing, they did not (to the best of our knowledge) explore the possibility of maintaining heterogeneous-aware energy consumption to guarantee a reliable and robust routing protocol design. By this, a new protocol named stable-aware evolutionary routing protocol (SAERP), is proposed in this paper to ensure maximum stability and minimum instability periods for both homogeneous/heterogeneous WSNs. SAERP introduces an evolutionary modeling, where the cluster head election probability becomes more efficient, to well maintain balanced energy consumption in both energy homogeneous and heterogeneous settings. The performance of SAERP over simulation for 90 WSNs is evaluated and compared to well known LEACH and SEP protocols. We found that SAERP is more robust and always ensures longer stability period and shorter instability period. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 2012 Clustering nationallicence Evolutionary algorithm nationallicence Meta-heuristic nationallicence Stable-aware nationallicence Routing protocol nationallicence Wireless sensor networks nationallicence Khalil Enan Department of Computer Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq aut Attea Bara'a Department of Computer Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq aut Wireless Personal Communications Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 69/4(2013-04-01), 1799-1817 0929-6212 69:4<1799 2013 69 11277 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0664-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0664-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Khalil Enan Department of Computer Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Attea Bara'a Department of Computer Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Wireless Personal Communications Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 69/4(2013-04-01), 1799-1817 0929-6212 69:4<1799 2013 69 11277 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer