naa a22 4500 510819176 CHVBK 20180411083522.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180411e20130601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11814-013-0054-3 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11814-013-0054-3 Microwave-assisted urea-modified sorghum biomass for Cr (III) elimination from aqueous solutions [Elektronische Daten] [Muhammad Salman, Makshoof Athar, Umar Farooq, Huma Nazir, Anam Noor, Saba Nazir] The present study concentrated on the use of an agro-waste biodegradable sorghum biomass in its simple and modified forms for the binding of Cr (III) ions. A relatively new method of modification was adopted using urea under microwave irradiation. FTIR analysis showed the presence of oxygen and nitrogen bearing functional groups in unmodified (UMS) and modified (MS) sorghum biomass. The appearance of new bands and shifts in the peaks confirmed the modification. The influence of different process parameters such as the adsorbent dose, solution pH, contact time, agitation speed and initial metal ion concentration was studied thoroughly to evaluate optimum conditions for adsorption. Maximum adsorption for Cr (III) ions occurred at pH 5.0-6.0 using UMS and MS. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models in a non-linear fashion were used to explain the phenomenon. Maximum adsorption capacity was 7.03 and 16.36 mg of Cr (III) per gram of UMS and MS, respectively. Adsorption mechanism was explored by pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, and it was found that the process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic study indicated the process favorability. The study concluded that urea modification under microwave irradiation produces a non-toxic and more effective adsorbent for Cr (III) remediation by inducing new nitrogen bearing functional groups to sorghum biomass. Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers, Seoul, Korea, 2013 Sorghum nationallicence Urea Modification nationallicence Non-linear Equilibrium nationallicence Surface Area nationallicence Thermodynamics nationallicence Salman Muhammad Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut Athar Makshoof Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut Farooq Umar Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut Nazir Huma Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut Noor Anam Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut Nazir Saba Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 30/6(2013-06-01), 1257-1264 0256-1115 30:6<1257 2013 30 11814 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0054-3 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0054-3 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Salman Muhammad Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Athar Makshoof Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Farooq Umar Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nazir Huma Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Noor Anam Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nazir Saba Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 30/6(2013-06-01), 1257-1264 0256-1115 30:6<1257 2013 30 11814 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer