naa a22 4500 52878496X 20180924065518.0 cr unu---uuuuu 180924e20110504xx s 000 0 eng 10.3929/ethz-b-000036187 doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0018975 doi (ETHRESEARCH)oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/36187 How Citation Boosts Promote Scientific Paradigm Shifts and Nobel Prizes [Elektronische Daten] [Amin Mazloumian, Young-Ho Eom, Dirk Helbing, Sergi Lozano, Santo Fortunato] PLoS ONE Open access ethresearch Nobel Prizes are commonly seen to be among the most prestigious achievements of our times. Based on mining several million citations, we quantitatively analyze the processes driving paradigm shifts in science. We find that groundbreaking discoveries of Nobel Prize Laureates and other famous scientists are not only acknowledged by many citations of their landmark papers. Surprisingly, they also boost the citation rates of their previous publications. Given that innovations must outcompete the rich-gets-richer effect for scientific citations, it turns out that they can make their way only through citation cascades. A quantitative analysis reveals how and why they happen. Science appears to behave like a self-organized critical system, in which citation cascades of all sizes occur, from continuous scientific progress all the way up to scientific revolutions, which change the way we see our world. Measuring the "boosting effect” of landmark papers, our analysis reveals how new ideas and new players can make their way and finally triumph in a world dominated by established paradigms. The underlying "boost factor” is also useful to discover scientific breakthroughs and talents much earlier than through classical citation analysis, which by now has become a widespread method to measure scientific excellence, influencing scientific careers and the distribution of research funds. Our findings reveal patterns of collective social behavior, which are also interesting from an attention economics perspective. Understanding the origin of scientific authority may therefore ultimately help to explain how social influence comes about and why the value of goods depends so strongly on the attention they attract. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 ethresearch Mazloumian Amin joint author Eom Young-Ho joint author Helbing Dirk joint author Lozano Sergi joint author Fortunato Santo joint author PLoS ONE Lawrence, KS, USA : Public Library of Science 6 (5), p. e18975 1932-6203 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/36187 text/html WWW-Backlink auf das Repository (Open access) 1 Journal Article ethresearch ETHRESEARCH 856 40 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/36187 text/html WWW-Backlink auf das Repository (Open access) ETHRESEARCH 700 1- Mazloumian Amin joint author ETHRESEARCH 700 1- Eom Young-Ho joint author ETHRESEARCH 700 1- Helbing Dirk joint author ETHRESEARCH 700 1- Lozano Sergi joint author ETHRESEARCH 700 1- Fortunato Santo joint author ETHRESEARCH 773 0- PLoS ONE Lawrence, KS, USA : Public Library of Science 6 (5), p. e18975 1932-6203 BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 ETHRESEARCH ETHRESEARCH ETHRESEARCH Journal Article Open access