caa a22 4500 605455325 CHVBK 20210128100211.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4 Trends in p CO2 and sea-air CO2 flux over the global open oceans for the last two decades [Elektronische Daten] [Yosuke Iida, Atsushi Kojima, Yusuke Takatani, Toshiya Nakano, Hiroyuki Sugimoto, Takashi Midorikawa, Masao Ishii] To date, millions of data for partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface seawater (pCO2s) have been acquired from global oceans. However, pCO2s varies extremely both in space and time, and it is still necessary to fill in its spatiotemporal gaps to evaluate the changes in sea-air CO2 flux from regional to global scales. In the present study, we have analyzed the rates of pCO2s increase for the past decades, ranging from +1.21µatmyear−1 in the western equatorial Pacific to +2.00µatmyear−1 in the Southern Ocean, and developed algorithms to reconstruct global monthly pCO2s fields based on a quality-controlled database, Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2. The error of pCO2s algorithms is ±16.3 µatm. The mean annual global sea-air CO2 flux for the years 1990-2012 was estimated to be −1.76PgCyear−1 (contemporary flux; a negative value indicates oceanic uptake). The uncertainty in this estimate is calculated to be 0.77PgCyear−1 (44%), i.e., 0.09PgCyear−1 from our empirical method to interpolate/extrapolate pCO2s, and 0.67PgCyear−1 from determination of the rates of pCO2s increase and the rest from gas transfer processes including wind speed (0.26PgCyear−1) and a scaling factor of piston velocity (0.26PgCyear−1). The decadal mean CO2 flux showed a trend toward increasing uptake from −1.67PgCyear−1 for 1990-1999 to −1.92PgCyear−1 for 2003-2012, due to growing uptake in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. However, these estimates of CO2 flux are sensitive to the rates of pCO2s increase used to constrain the long-term pCO2s change for each sub-region. The Oceanographic Society of Japan and Springer Japan, 2015 p CO2 mapping nationallicence p CO2 trend nationallicence CO2 flux nationallicence Gas exchange nationallicence Carbon cycle nationallicence Biogeochemistry nationallicence Iida Yosuke Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut Kojima Atsushi Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut Takatani Yusuke Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut Nakano Toshiya Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut Sugimoto Hiroyuki Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut Midorikawa Takashi Oceanography and Geochemistry Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, 305-0052, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan aut Ishii Masao Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut Journal of Oceanography Springer Japan 71/6(2015-12-01), 637-661 0916-8370 71:6<637 2015 71 10872 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Iida Yosuke Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kojima Atsushi Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Takatani Yusuke Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nakano Toshiya Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sugimoto Hiroyuki Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Midorikawa Takashi Oceanography and Geochemistry Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, 305-0052, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ishii Masao Global Environment and Marine Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4 Otemachi Chiyoda -ku, 100-8122, Tokyo, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Oceanography Springer Japan 71/6(2015-12-01), 637-661 0916-8370 71:6<637 2015 71 10872