caa a22 4500 605456690 CHVBK 20210128100219.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00167-014-2911-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00167-014-2911-y Cold-induced vasoconstriction may persist long after cooling ends: an evaluation of multiple cryotherapy units [Elektronische Daten] [Sepideh Khoshnevis, Natalie Craik, Kenneth Diller] Purpose: Localized cooling is widely used in treating soft tissue injuries by modulating swelling, pain, and inflammation. One of the primary outcomes of localized cooling is vasoconstriction within the underlying skin. It is thought that in some instances, cryotherapy may be causative of tissue necrosis and neuropathy via cold-induced ischaemia leading to nonfreezing cold injury (NFCI). The purpose of this study is to quantify the magnitude and persistence of vasoconstriction associated with cryotherapy. Methods: Data are presented from testing with four different FDA approved cryotherapy devices. Blood perfusion and skin temperature were measured at multiple anatomical sites during baseline, active cooling, and passive rewarming periods. Results: Local cutaneous blood perfusion was depressed in response to cooling the skin surface with all devices, including the DonJoy (DJO, p=2.6×10−8), Polar Care 300 (PC300, p=1.1×10−3), Polar Care 500 Lite (PC500L, p=0.010), and DeRoyal T505 (DR505, p=0.016). During the rewarming period, parasitic heat gain from the underlying tissues and the environment resulted in increased temperatures of the skin and pad for all devices, but blood perfusion did not change significantly, DJO (n.s.), PC300 (n.s.), PC500L (n.s.), and DR505 (n.s.). Conclusions: The results demonstrate that cryotherapy can create a deep state of vasoconstriction in the local area of treatment. In the absence of independent stimulation, the condition of reduced blood flow persists long after cooling is stopped and local temperatures have rewarmed towards the normal range, indicating that the maintenance of vasoconstriction is not directly dependent on the continuing existence of a cold state. The depressed blood flow may dispose tissue to NFCI. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Cryotherapy nationallicence Vasoconstriction nationallicence Tissue blood perfusion nationallicence Tissue cooling nationallicence Nonfreezing cold injury nationallicence Khoshnevis Sepideh Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA aut Craik Natalie Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA aut Diller Kenneth Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA aut Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Springer Berlin Heidelberg 23/9(2015-09-01), 2475-2483 0942-2056 23:9<2475 2015 23 167 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-2911-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-2911-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Khoshnevis Sepideh Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Craik Natalie Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Diller Kenneth Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Springer Berlin Heidelberg 23/9(2015-09-01), 2475-2483 0942-2056 23:9<2475 2015 23 167